Spatial ability in men and women: Review and new theory

Serum Free Testosterone and Estradiol Levels in Perceptual-Verbal and Spatial Abilities;Differences in Sex and Hand Preference

“…These two relations partly support Nyborg's (1983) optimal gonadal hormone theory, which argues that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between brain estrogen and spatial ability, with males tending more than females to occupy the peak of the curve. Nyborg assumed, however, that testosterone does not affect the brain directly, but exerts its effects by aromatization to estrogen in the brain.…”

Virtual Technologies to Develop Visual-Spatial Ability in Engineering Students

“…Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) have generated increased interest in this issue indicating four areas in which there are differences between men and women, the most notable being spatial ability. In addition, several researchers have conducted specific studies that highlighted the difference in levels of spatial ability according to sex (Harris, 1978;Linn & Petersen, 1986;Lohman, 1979;McGee, 1979;Nyborg, 1983;Voyer, Voyer & Bryden, 1995).…”

Comparing Adolescent and Middle-Age Groups on Spatial Task Performance: A Developmental-Differentiation Approach

“…Early attempts in this context came from Klaiber, Broverman, and Kobayashi in 1967. Some of the well attested hormonal theories that can be mentioned in this context are the 'General Trait Covariance' model proposed by Nyborg (1983), theory of sex-related differences in cognition based on levels of testosterone by Doreen Kimura (Kimura,1987), the menstrual cycle hypothesis by Hampson and Kimura (1988), the maturational hypothesis by Waber (1976), the neurohormonal hypothesis of cerebral lateralization by Geschwind and Galaburda (1987), and Brown and Grober's (1983) attempts to explain age, sex and aphasia type, interaction. Nyborg's model predicts that men with reduced levels of androgens and women with reduced levels of estradiol may perform better on cognitive tasks.…”