Spatial abilities following prenatal androgen abnormality: targeting and mental rotations performance in individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Hines, Melissa; Fane, Briony A.; Pasterski, Vickie; Mathews, Greta A.; Conway, Gerard S.; Brook, C. G. D.

doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00121-x

Cited by 208 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Higher scores on this measure reflect male-typical play preferences while lower scores indicate female-typical play preferences. In previous research with adult populations, the sex difference in PSAI scores has generally shown a very large effect size (d = 2.65-3.25) (Alexander, 2006;Hines et al, 2003). The PSAI also shows moderate test-retest reliability for each sex (boys -r = .62, girls -r = .66) and moderate to high split-half reliability for each sex (boys -r = .66, girls -r = .80) (Golombok & Rust, 1993).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…In this context, it may be significant to note that although anxiety levels of men in these analyses were associated with mental rotation ability, they were unrelated to targeting ability. Previous findings that women who were exposed to higher levels of androgens showed enhanced targeting ability but not enhanced mental rotation ability (Hines et al, 2003) have suggested that the mechanisms supporting targeting accuracy may be organized by androgens in prenatal life whereas those supporting mental rotation may be more dependent on postnatal development. Therefore, the apparent sensitivity of anxiety levels in men to mental rotation ability further suggests that both are among a class of sex-linked variables that are more dependent on social experiences for their ultimate expression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…It also appears to be moderately correlated with other widely used measures of anxiety, such as the State-Trait Pre-School Activities Inventory-The Pre-School Activities Inventory (PSAI; Golombok & Rust, 1993) is a 24-item measure assessing childhood play preferences. Participants were instructed to respond according to their recollections of their preferences in early childhood (Hines et al, 2003). Individuals described how frequently they played with certain toys (e.g., "guns"), engaged in specific activities (e.g., "playing house"), and possessed several characteristics (e.g., "enjoys rough and tumble play").…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anxiety, Sex-Linked Behaviors, and Digit Ratios (2D:4D)

Evardone

Alexander

2007

Arch Sex Behav

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The second to fourth (2D:4D) digit ratio, a sexually dimorphic, phenotypic characteristic putatively associated with perinatal androgen action, has been used to evaluate the hypothesized relation between prenatal hormonal factors and a variety of sexually dimorphic behaviors, including sexlinked psychopathology. Smaller digit ratios, suggestive of stronger perinatal androgen action, have been associated with male-linked disorders (e.g., autism), and larger digit ratios, suggestive of weaker perinatal androgen action, have been associated with female-linked disorders (e.g., depression and eating disorders). To evaluate the possible relation between digit ratio and another traditionally female-linked disorder, anxiety, 2D:4D ratios were measured in a non-clinical sample (58 men, 52 women). Participants also completed a battery of anxiety and gender role measures and performed two spatial/cognitive tasks typically showing a male advantage (mental rotation and targeting) and two tasks typically showing a female advantage (location memory and spatial working memory). Men with a more feminine pattern of sex-linked traits and behaviors (including digit ratios) reported greater anxiety. In contrast, greater anxiety in women was associated with both female-typical and male-typical traits and behaviors, and no significant association between digit ratio and anxiety was found. This pattern of results suggests that the development of anxiety is multiply determined, with contributing factors varying by sex.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anxiety, Sex-Linked Behaviors, and Digit Ratios (2D:4D)

Evardone

Alexander

2007

Arch Sex Behav

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“…Females-Effect sizes for differences in spatial ability between CAH females and controls were obtained for nine samples from eight studies, involving a total of 128 CAH females and 108 controls (Baker & Ehrhardt, 1974;Hampson et al, 1998;Helleday et al, 1994;Hines et al, 2003;Malouf et al, 2006 [two samples];McGuire et al, 1975;Perlman, 1973;Resnick et al, 1986, Table 1). CAH Females outperformed controls on spatial tasks.…”

Section: Cah Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies have found CAH females to exhibit masculinized spatial abilities (Hampson, Rovet, & Altmann, 1998;Hines et al, 2003;Perlman, 1973;Resnick, Berenbaum, Gottesman, & Bouchard, 1986), although others have not (Baker & Ehrhardt, 1974;Helleday, Bartfai, Ritzen, & Forsman, 1994;Malouf, Migeon, Carson, Petrucci, & Wisniewski, 2006;McGuire, Ryan, & Omenn, 1975;Ripa, Johannsen, Mortensen, & Muller, 2003). Studies of spatial ability in CAH males have obtained equally inconsistent results, with some finding worse spatial ability in CAH males relative to controls (Hampson et al, 1998;Hines et al, 2003) and others finding no significant difference (Baker & Ehrhardt, 1974;McGuire et al, 1975;Resnick et al, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Ability and Prenatal Androgens: Meta-Analyses of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Digit Ratio (2D:4D) Studies

et al. 2007

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Hormonal manipulations indicate that early androgens organize sex differences in spatial ability in animal models. In humans, spatial ability is also sexually dimorphic, and information about the effects of prenatal androgens on spatial ability can be obtained from studies of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and the ratio of the second and fourth finger lengths (2D:4D). CAH is a condition characterized by prenatal overproduction of adrenal androgens, and several lines of evidence suggest that 2D:4D reflects prenatal androgen exposure. Some studies have found that these proxy measures of prenatal androgenization predict spatial ability, others have found no significant relationship, and yet others have obtained results in opposite directions. In light of these mixed findings, we conducted meta-analyses of published literature and unpublished results to determine if, across studies, either of these indications of prenatal androgens predicts spatial ability. In addition, we applied a trim and fill analysis to the data in search of asymmetry that might be an indication of publication bias. Results indicate that females with CAH have significantly better spatial abilities, and CAH males have worse spatial abilities, than do controls. Little or no relationship exists between 2D:4D and spatial ability. Implications for possible hormonal contributions and the developmental timing of sex differences in spatial cognition are discussed.

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Assessment of Facial Morphologic Features in Patients With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Using Deep Learning

et al. 2020

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IMPORTANCECongenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is the most common primary adrenal insufficiency in children, involving excess androgens secondary to disrupted steroidogenesis as early as the seventh gestational week of life. Although structural brain abnormalities are seen in CAH, little is known about facial morphology. OBJECTIVE To investigate differences in facial morphologic features between patients with CAH and control individuals with use of machine learning. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study was performed at a pediatric tertiary center in Southern California, from November 2017 to December 2019. Patients younger than 30 years with a biochemical diagnosis of classical CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency and otherwise healthy controls were recruited from the clinic, and face images were acquired. Additional controls were selected from public face image data sets. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was prediction of CAH, as performed by machine learning (linear discriminant analysis, random forests, deep neural networks). Handcrafted features and learned representations were studied for CAH score prediction, and deformation analysis of facial landmarks and regionwise analyses were performed. A 6-fold cross-validation strategy was used to avoid overfitting and bias. RESULTS The study included 102 patients with CAH (62 [60.8%] female; mean [SD] age, 11.6 [7.1] years) and 59 controls (30 [50.8%] female; mean [SD] age, 9.0 [5.2] years) from the clinic and 85 controls (48 [60%] female; age, <29 years) from face databases. With use of deep neural networks,a mean (SD) AUC of 92% (3%) was found for accurately predicting CAH over 6 folds. With use of classical machine learning and handcrafted facial features, mean (SD) AUCs of 86% (5%) in linear discriminant analysis and 83% (3%) in random forests were obtained for predicting CAH over 6 folds.There was a deviation of facial features between groups using deformation fields generated from facial landmark templates. Regionwise analysis and class activation maps (deep learning of regions) revealed that the nose and upper face were most contributory (mean [SD] AUC: 69% [17%] and 71%[13%], respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEThe findings suggest that facial morphologic features in patients with CAH is distinct and that deep learning can discover subtle facial features to predict CAH.Longitudinal study of facial morphology as a phenotypic biomarker may help expand understanding of adverse lifespan outcomes for patients with CAH.

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Spatial abilities following prenatal androgen abnormality: targeting and mental rotations performance in individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Cited by 208 publications

References 56 publications

Anxiety, Sex-Linked Behaviors, and Digit Ratios (2D:4D)

Anxiety, Sex-Linked Behaviors, and Digit Ratios (2D:4D)

Spatial Ability and Prenatal Androgens: Meta-Analyses of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Digit Ratio (2D:4D) Studies

Assessment of Facial Morphologic Features in Patients With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Using Deep Learning

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