Spanish wastewater reveals the current spread of Monkeypox virus

Girón-Guzmán, Inés; Díaz-Reolid, Azahara; Truchado, Pilar; Carcereny, Albert; García-Pedemonte, David; Hernáez, Bruno; Bosch, Albert; Pintó, Rosa M.; Guix, Susana; Allende, Ana; Alcamı́, Antonio; Pérez-Cataluña, Alba; Sánchez, Glòria

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2023.119621

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Firstly, there is a risk of underdiagnosis and undernotification as the paediatric population was not the most affected during this outbreak and was therefore not targeted by information and prevention campaigns. Undernotification in the general population is suspected because of mpox detection in wastewater in France and Spain, although a small number of cases had been reported [ 27 ]. Secondly, cases may have been underdiagnosed on account of mild symptoms or asymptomatic infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mpox in children and adolescents and contact follow-up in school settings in greater Paris, France, May 2022 to July 2023

Reques,

Mercuriali,

Silué

et al. 2024

Eurosurveillance

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Background During the 2022 mpox outbreak in Europe, primarily affecting men who have sex with men, a limited number of cases among children and adolescents were identified. Paediatric cases from outbreaks in endemic countries have been associated with a higher likelihood of severe illness. Detailed clinical case descriptions and interventions in school settings before 2022 are limited. Aim To describe clinical characteristics of mpox cases among children (< 15 years) and adolescents (15–17 years) in the greater Paris area in France, and infection control measures in schools. Methods We describe all notified laboratory-confirmed and non-laboratory-confirmed cases among children and adolescents identified from May 2022 to July 2023, including demographic and clinical characterisation and infection control measures in school settings, i.e. contact tracing, contact vaccination, secondary attack rate and post-exposure vaccination uptake. Results Nineteen cases were notified (13 children, 6 adolescents). Four adolescent cases reported sexual contact before symptom onset. Ten child cases were secondary cases of adult patients; three cases were cryptic, with vesicles on hands, arms and/or legs and one case additionally presented with genitoanal lesions. Five cases attended school during their infectious period, with 160 at-risk contacts identified, and one secondary case. Five at-risk contacts were vaccinated following exposure. Conclusion Cases among children and adolescents are infrequent but require a careful approach to identify the source of infection and ensure infection control measures. We advocate a ‘contact warning’ strategy vs ‘contact tracing’ in order to prevent alarm and stigma. Low post-exposure vaccination rates are expected.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mpox in children and adolescents and contact follow-up in school settings in greater Paris, France, May 2022 to July 2023

Reques,

Mercuriali,

Silué

et al. 2024

Eurosurveillance

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“…This underscores the effectiveness of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) as a sensitive and cost-effective strategy for monitoring emerging viral threats, particularly in scenarios where issues such as stigma and blame could undermine the ability to respond effectively during outbreaks. 38 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Mpox Outbreak and Public Health Response in Spain

Cuetos-Suárez,

Gan,

Cuetos-Suárez

et al. 2024

RMHP

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Objective In May 2022, an unprecedented Mpox outbreak was reported in several non-endemic countries with unknown epidemiological links. Since May 2022, more than 20,000 cases have been reported in Europe. Spain has been the most affected country in Europe. We aim to describe the Mpox epidemiological profile in Spain, identify its outbreak risks, and describe public health interventions implemented by the Spanish authorities. Methods A literature review was conducted, using specific selection criteria to obtain relevant publications describing Mpox clinical presentation and risk factors and the public health response in Spain to the ongoing outbreak. Results 63.1% of the cases presented an anogenital rash, considered a specific and early symptom in this outbreak. Low case fatality rate is observed, mainly in risk groups, such as the immunocompromised population. Patients evolution was generally favorable, although 3–8% required hospitalization and two deaths occurred; 40% of patients were previously diagnosed with HIV infection. Most of the cases were seen among young population and concentrated in men who had sex with other men, mainly with multiple sexual partners, who did not practice safe sex such as using condoms, and those attending mass event parties. Conclusion To date, the Mpox outbreak is not considered a public health emergency of international concern. The epidemiological trend of the virus in Spain shows that public health response interventions (health education, contact tracing, vaccination, etc.) have adequately controlled the epidemic curve in high-risk populations and avoided spreading the virus to other groups within the community.

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“…These studies support environmental assessments since polluted fomite can spread infectious diseases. Fomites might contract the virus by coming into intimate contact with human fluids or secretions, touching contaminated hands, or contacting respiratory droplets that land on various surfaces ( Lu et al, 2022 ; Palich et al, 2022 ; Atkinson et al, 2022a ; Girón-Guzmán et al, 2023 ; Hernaez et al, 2023 ; La Rosa et al, 2023 ; Mellon et al, 2023 ; Sharkey et al, 2023 ; CDC, 2023b ). Despite patients wearing surgical masks, a different investigation found viral DNA in the air in the outpatient consultation room during visits from Mpox patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite this, neither healthcare professionals nor consulting Mpox-negative patients reported any MPXV symptoms during the trial period or in the 21 days that followed ( Mellon et al, 2023 ). Infections of the Mpox virus are transmitted and closely watched due to wastewater ( Girón-Guzmán et al, 2023 ; La Rosa et al, 2023 ; Sharkey et al, 2023 ). Since human fluids that are contaminated with the virus may be present in wastewater, it is possible that MPXV can spread there.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental detection and spreading of mpox in healthcare settings: a narrative review

Taha,

Katamesh,

Hassan

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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Monkeypox virus (MPXV), which causes Monkeypox (Mpox), has recently been found outside its usual geographic distribution and has spread to 117 different nations. The World Health Organization (WHO) designated the epidemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Humans are at risk from MPXV’s spread, which has raised concerns, particularly in the wake of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. The risk of virus transmission may rise due to the persistence of MPXV on surfaces or in wastewater. The risk of infection may also increase due to insufficient wastewater treatment allowing the virus to survive in the environment. To manage the infection cycle, it is essential to investigate the viral shedding from various lesions, the persistence of MPXV on multiple surfaces, and the length of surface contamination. Environmental contamination may contribute to virus persistence and future infection transmission. The best possible infection control and disinfection techniques depend on this knowledge. It is thought to spread mainly through intimate contact. However, the idea of virus transmission by environmental contamination creates great concern and discussion. There are more cases of environmental surfaces and wastewater contamination. We will talk about wastewater contamination, methods of disinfection, and the present wastewater treatment in this review as well as the persistence of MPXV on various environmental surfaces.

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Spanish wastewater reveals the current spread of Monkeypox virus

Cited by 23 publications

References 23 publications

Mpox in children and adolescents and contact follow-up in school settings in greater Paris, France, May 2022 to July 2023

Mpox in children and adolescents and contact follow-up in school settings in greater Paris, France, May 2022 to July 2023

A Review of Mpox Outbreak and Public Health Response in Spain

Environmental detection and spreading of mpox in healthcare settings: a narrative review

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