Spanish Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey Questionnaire

Abstract

Background: The Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS) questionnaire is a new instrument that was developed to evaluate both functional and cosmetic components of rhinoplasty. It is a reliable, consistent, and validated patient-reported outcome measure that is not available in Spanish. Methods: The SCHNOS questionnaire was forward translated, back translated, and culturally adapted following international guidelines. Its psychometric validity was tested with native Spanish speakers in 2 centers in Colombia. The authors measured internal consistency, correlation, and reproducibility to determine validity of the instrument. Results: The final Spanish version of the SCHNOS was administered to 76 native Spanish speakers. Both the SCHNOS-O (obstructive domain) and SCHNOS-C (cosmetic domain) showed a high internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.84 and 0.94, respectively. The Spearman correlations between the items of SCHNOS-O (0.38–0.82) and SCHNOS-C (0.49–0.88) were positive and significant. Spearman’s rank correlation in the test–retest analysis for SCHNOS-O (r = 0.87) and SCHNOS-C (r = 90) was positive and statistically significant. There was statistical significance in responses obtained for SCHNOS-O ( P < 0.001) but not for SCHNOS-C ( P = 0.222). Conclusions: In this study, the SCHNOS was successfully translated and culturally adapted into Spanish. The Spanish version of the SCHNOS was shown to be a reliable and valid instrument that we recommend it should be used in Spanish-speaking patients who are having functional or cosmetic rhinoplasty.

Natural History of the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey After Rhinoplasty

“…The mean (standard deviation [SD]) preoperative NOSE, SCHNOS-O, and SCHNOS-C score of 69 (19) [9], P < .05).…”

“…Among the quality-of-life (QOL) instruments' currently available for both aesthetic and functional rhinoplasty, the SCHNOS, which has been developed with a robust development technique, 3 is more precise, 2 more comprehensive, 4 and has been the most extensively validated. [5][6][7][8][9][10] The SCHNOS-O can be utilized as both a clinical and a screening tool for nasal obstruction, and the SCHNOS-C is a reliable clinical tool for cosmetic outcomes. 5 The twofactor structure of SCHNOS has been verified by confirmatory factor analysis, 6 and also demonstrated that two of the 10 SCHNOS items, item 1 (having a blocked or obstructed nose) and item 9 (how well the nose suits the face can be employed as a quick screening tool for the evaluation of nasal obstruction and assessing cosmetic disadvantage, respectively.…”

“…1) was created specifically to aid surgeons in assessing both nasal obstruction symptoms and nasal cosmesis in rhinoplasty patients. Among the quality‐of‐life (QOL) instruments' currently available for both aesthetic and functional rhinoplasty, the SCHNOS, which has been developed with a robust development technique, 3 is more precise, 2 more comprehensive, 4 and has been the most extensively validated 5–10 . The SCHNOS‐O can be utilized as both a clinical and a screening tool for nasal obstruction, and the SCHNOS‐C is a reliable clinical tool for cosmetic outcomes 5 .…”

Validation of the European Portuguese Language Version of the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey

“…12 SCHNOS has been already validated in several languages such as Arabic, French, Turkish, Spanish, and Brazilian Portuguese, lacking a European Portuguese version, as previously discussed. 10,[13][14][15][16] The small number of participants can be a limitation of this study, although several similar translation studies achieved a validation process with a similar number of participants. [13][14][15] Since our results showed the reliability and validity of the European Portuguese SCHNOS, we consider that a more robust association could only be stronger with a greater sample size.…”

Novel Selection Tools in Rhinoplasty Patients

“…21 The SCHNOS was translated and validated in several languages. [22][23][24] In conclusion, the use of easy-to-use screening tools for BDD can contribute toward improved patient care. Therefore, they should be routinely implemented in the preoperative assessment of rhinoplasty patients.…”