Spanish Multicenter Normative Studies (NEURONORMA Project): Norms for the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (Copy and Memory), and Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test

Abstract

The Rey-Osterrieth complex figure (ROCF) and the free and cued selective reminding test (FCSRT) are frequently used in clinical practice. The ROCF assesses visual perception, constructional praxis, and visuospatial memory, and the FCSRT assesses verbal learning and memory. As part of the Spanish Normative Studies (NEURONORMA), we provide age- and education-adjusted norms for the ROCF (copy and memory) and for the FCSRT. The sample consists of 332 and 340 participants, respectively, who are cognitively normal, community dwelling, and ranging in age from 50 to 94 years. Tables are provided to convert raw scores to age-adjusted scaled scores. These were further converted into education-adjusted scaled scores by applying regression-based adjustments. Although age and education affected the score of the ROCF and FCSRT, sex was found to be unrelated in this normal sample. The normative data presented here were obtained from the same study sample as all other NEURONORMA norms and the same statistical procedures were applied. These co-normed data will allow clinicians to compare scores from one test with all the tests included in the project.

Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure – copy and immediate recall: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population

“…As a result, gender-adjusted norms were only generated for Honduras on the immediate recall. These findings are generally consistent with the previous literature, where some studies have shown men to outperform women on the ROCF, although these effects have been inconsistent or small when present (Berry et al, 1991;Boone et al, 1993;Peña-Casanova et al, 2009). In light of the previous literature, the current results suggest that gender should not be taken into account in calculating participants' percentiles for the ROCF in the vast majority of countries in Latin America when using the current norms, with the exception of Honduras on the ROCF immediate recall.…”

“…Copying the ROCF by hand is a challenging task involving cognitively organizing the figure into a meaningful perceptual unit in order to reproduce it. Then, the participant must reproduce it again from memory three minutes later, although some authors have used a 30-minute delay (Peña-Casanova et al, 2009). Outcome measures include an copy score (which reflects the accuracy of the original copy and is a measure of visual-spatial constructional ability), time required to copy the figure, and immediate recall score (Peña-Casanova et al, 2009).…”

“…However, scores tend to decrease with advancing age, particularly after age 70 (Chervinsky, Mitrushina, & Satz, 1992;Rosselli & Ardila, 1991;Chiulli, Haaland, LaRue, & Garry, 1995). Some studies have shown men to score better than women, but overall gender differences are minor or nonexistent (Berry, Allen, & Schmitt, 1991;Boone, Lesser, Hill-Gutierrez, Berman, & D'Elia, 1993;Peña-Casanova et al, 2009), and scores are also positively associated with education level (Ardila, Rosselli, & Rosas, 1989;Berry et al, 1991;Caffarra, Vezzadini, Dieci, Zonato, & Venneri, 2002). Additionally, African Americans have been shown to have lowers scores than Caucasians and Asian Americans, especially in visuoconstruction.…”

Normative Data for the Spanish Version of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III

“…Furthermore, another explanation may be the underlying differences in education between men and women in Spanish people older than 55-60 years. Specifically, we found that the domains that were mostly influenced by this effect were attention (which includes a serial subtraction task) and visuospatial skills (that includes several items of constructional praxis), because these tasks are strongly related to the educational level and have been found to be influenced by gender in previous studies [16,17,18]. Overall, the influence of gender on the ACE-III and its subscores, although significant, is generally low.…”

Communicative Clusters after a Right-Hemisphere Stroke: Are There Universal Clinical Profiles?

“…Our hypothesis is that Brazilian control participants (neurologically normal individuals) on whose performance MAC’s norms were based probably have a poorer process of education, represented by a lower average of years of education when compared to Argentinean people, whose norms represented very high performance. Education level is known to influence the performance of several cognitive abilities such as executive function and verbal lexico-semantic language [35]. More specifically, the influence of this variable has been shown for communication performance.…”