SpaceRTC: Unleashing the Low-latency Potential of Mega-constellations for Real-Time Communications

Lai, Zeqi; Liu, Weisen; Wu, Qian; Li, Hewu; Xu, Jingxi; Wu, Jianping

doi:10.1109/infocom48880.2022.9796887

Cited by 24 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Assessments have also been made on latency, which is not the subject of this paper. However, latency is often found to be rooted at the access layer procedures [3], and due to VOLUME 11, 2023 indirect packet routing, which is proposed to be reducible through SpaceRTC [4], [5].…”

Section: A Evaluation Of Quality Of Experience (Qoe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jazz and swing fans like fast music [22].'' 1) [4], [5]. Although UDP transmission is faster than TCP, transmission of packets is dependent on the many routing protocols of the Internet Protocol, with retransmission of packets achievable only by TCP (IP) network [23].…”

Section: E Audio Test Filesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When used for musiking, M-RTC such as Zoom and JackTrip, require satisfactorily received acoustical perception of the transmitted music to the end user; however, degradation of audio can be a deterrent to using M-RTC for the trained musician. While latency of realtime communication is also a concern for musicians, it has been previously analyzed [3], [4], [5].…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Perceptual Evaluation of Music Real-Time Communication Applications

et al. 2023

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Music Real-time Communication applications (M-RTC) enable music making (musiking) for musicians simultaneously across geographic distance. When used for musiking, M-RTC such as Zoom and JackTrip, require satisfactorily received acoustical perception of the transmitted music to the end user; however, degradation of audio can be a deterrent to using M-RTC for the musician. Specific to the audio quality of M-RTC, we evaluate the quality of the audio, or the Quality of Experience (QoE), of five network music conferencing applications through quantitative perceptual analysis to determine if the results are commensurate with data analysis. The ITU-R BS.1534-3 MUlti Stimulus test with Hidden Reference and Anchor (MUSHRA) analysis is used to evaluate the perceived audio quality of the transmitted audio files in our study and to detect differences between the transmitted audio files and the hidden reference file. A comparison of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and total harmonic distortion (THD) analysis to the MUSHRA analysis shows that the objective metrics may indicate that SNR and THD are factors in perceptual evaluation and may play a role in perceived audio quality; however, the SNR and THD scores do not directly correspond to the MUSHRA analysis and do not adequately represent the preferences of the individual listener. Since the benefits of improved M-RTC continue to be face-to-face communication, face-to-face musiking, reduction in travel costs, and depletion of travel time, further testing with statistical analysis of a larger sample size can provide the additional statistical power necessary to make conclusions to that end.INDEX TERMS MUSHRA, music real-time communications (M-RTC), networked music, perceived audio quality, perceptual evaluation, quality of experience (QoE), signal to noise ratio (SNR), telematic, total harmonic distortion (THD), web RTC. I. INTRODUCTIONMusic Real-time Communication applications (M-RTC) enable music making (musiking) for all levels of musicians simultaneously across geographic distance. Real-time Communications (RTC) [1] allows voice and video communication of individuals and groups over the Internet. Network Music Performance software (NMP), as described by the authors in [2], are software applications designed specifically for real-time communications which allow musiking between participants in different physical locations via the Internet [2]. However, M-RTC can include any conferencing application that is capable of transmitting audio over the Internet. M-RTC has seen an increase in demand due to social distancing and itsThe associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Guangjie Han .

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Section: A Evaluation Of Quality Of Experience (Qoe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: E Audio Test Filesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Perceptual Evaluation of Music Real-Time Communication Applications

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“…The relationship between SDP and minimum hop path (MHP) and the judging criteria are strictly proved, and the results show that almost all SDPs are in the MHP set. Generally, SDPs are within the MHP set [21]. Then the SDP solution can be simplified and limited to the MHP region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shortest Path in LEO Satellite Constellation Networks: An Explicit Analytic Approach

Chen,

Yang,

Zhao

et al. 2024

IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun.

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The Shortest Distance Path (SDP) problem is a critical routing issue in communication networks, particularly in satellite networks. Typically, SDP is solved by graph-based iterative algorithms, while an explicit or analytic approach is challenging. However, considering the orbit dynamics and topology regularity, this paper proposes, for the first time, an explicit analytic phase-based algorithm STEPCLIMB to directly solve the SDP in low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks. Based on the relationship between satellite phase and inter-satellite link distance, the SDP is modeled with the satellite phase, and SDP problem is converted into a total phase offset problem through theoretical derivations. Then STEPCLIMB is derived in two cases, respectively. Monte-Carlo simulations verify STEPCLIMB's accuracy, which has zero error in the mono-valley case and has less than 0.1% error in the bi-valley case. The algorithm performs better in larger-scale constellations and can save over 99.4% computational cost compared to Dijkstra algorithm. Further, the SDP pattern and features in Starlink constellation are analyzed. The model proves that most inter-plane hops in the SDP occur successively, and the simulations further indicate that these hops prefer satellites in the higher latitude regions.

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“…In recent years, various routing algorithms based on LEO large-scale constellations, have been proposed [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. In [ 12 ], Lai et al measured large amounts of real-time communications (RTC) session data and found two critical causes of high latency in the current cloud-based wide-area RTC architecture: (i) additional latency introduced by underlying cross-domain protocols and suboptimal paths; (ii) insufficient cloud server deployments can also cause additional latency. To address the above issues, Lai et al proposed an RTC framework called SPACERTC, which utilizes large-scale constellations, to help improve the latency performance of RTC session tasks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking LEO Mega-Constellation Routing to Provide Fast Internet Access Services

Yang

Tian

Jin

et al. 2023

Sensors

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In the realm of providing space-based internet access services, utilizing large-scale low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks have emerged as a promising solution for bridging the digital divide and connecting previously unconnected regions. The deployment of LEO satellites can augment terrestrial networks, with increased efficiency and reduced costs. However, as the size of LEO constellations continues to grow, the routing algorithm design of such networks faces numerous challenges. In this study, we present a novel routing algorithm, designated as Internet Fast Access Routing (IFAR), aimed at facilitating faster internet access for users. The algorithm consists of two main components. Firstly, we develop a formal model that calculates the minimum number of hops between any two satellites in the Walker-Delta constellation, along with the corresponding forwarding direction from source to destination. Then, a linear programming is formulated, to match each satellite to the visible satellite on the ground. Upon receipt of user data, each satellite then forwards the data only to the set of visible satellites that correspond to its own satellite. To validate the efficacy of IFAR, we conduct extensive simulation work, and the experimental results showcase the potential of IFAR to enhance the routing capabilities of LEO satellite networks and improve the overall quality of space-based internet access services.

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SpaceRTC: Unleashing the Low-latency Potential of Mega-constellations for Real-Time Communications

Cited by 24 publications

References 25 publications

A Perceptual Evaluation of Music Real-Time Communication Applications

A Perceptual Evaluation of Music Real-Time Communication Applications

Shortest Path in LEO Satellite Constellation Networks: An Explicit Analytic Approach

Rethinking LEO Mega-Constellation Routing to Provide Fast Internet Access Services

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