Spaceborne and Airborne Radar at Angkor: Introducing New Technology to the Ancient Site

Moore, Elizabeth; Freeman, Tony; Hensley, S.

doi:10.1007/0-387-44455-6_8

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Remote sensing has also helped to define tropical cities on the ground, particularly in Southeast Asia. Based on work using AIRSAR radar at Angkor Wat, Cambodia (Evans et al, 2007;Lustig et al, 2008;Moore et al, 2007), Fletcher (2009) has defined the ancient existence of a form of urbanism that is both low-density and agrarian-based for tropical Cambodia, Myanmar, Java, and Sri Lanka. Angkor Wat, for example, is argued to encompass almost 1000 sq km.…”

Section: Population Size Of Caracolmentioning

confidence: 98%

Airborne LiDAR, archaeology, and the ancient Maya landscape at Caracol, Belize

Chase

Weishampel

et al. 2011

Journal of Archaeological Science

411

257

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Section: Population Size Of Caracolmentioning

confidence: 98%

Airborne LiDAR, archaeology, and the ancient Maya landscape at Caracol, Belize

Chase

Weishampel

et al. 2011

Journal of Archaeological Science

411

257

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“…Based on the above three criteria, the CED first smoothed the image to eliminate noise with a Gaussian function of scale σ as given below in Equations (5) and (6). In the imagery, edge points were defined as points whose strengths were maximal in the direction of the gradient.…”

Section: Edge Detection: Canny Edge Detector (Ced)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Soil marks can appear on bare soil changing in color, shape, or texture [1,2]. In order to identify these buried archaeological features, different types of remote sensing imagery have been used including aerial photographs [1,3,4], spaceborne and airborne RADAR images [5][6][7], airborne LIDAR images [8,9], as well as imaging spectroscopy [10][11][12][13]. Recently, archaeologists interested in detecting archaeological features are increasingly employing very high resolution (VHR) commercial satellite imagery [14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated Extraction of the Archaeological Tops of Qanat Shafts from VHR Imagery in Google Earth

et al. 2014

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Qanats in northern Xinjiang of China provide valuable information for agriculturists and anthropologists who seek fundamental understanding of the distribution of qanat water supply systems with regard to water resource utilization, the development of oasis agriculture, and eventually climate change. Only the tops of qanat shafts (TQSs), indicating the course of the qanats, can be observed from space, and their circular archaeological traces can also be seen in very high resolution imagery in Google Earth. The small size of the TQSs, vast search regions, and degraded features make manually extracting them from remote sensing images difficult and costly. This paper proposes an automated TQS extraction method that adopts mathematical morphological processing methods before an edge detecting module is used in the circular Hough transform approach. The accuracy OPEN ACCESSRemote Sens. 2014, 6 11957 assessment criteria for the proposed method include: (i) extraction percentage (E) = 95.9%, branch factor (B) = 0 and quality percentage (Q) = 95.9% in Site 1; and (ii) extraction percentage (E) = 83.4%, branch factor (B) = 0.058 and quality percentage (Q) = 79.5% in Site 2. Compared with the standard circular Hough transform, the quality percentages (Q) of our proposed method were improved to 95.9% and 79.5% from 86.3% and 65.8% in test sites 1 and 2, respectively. The results demonstrate that wide-area discovery and mapping can be performed much more effectively based on our proposed method.

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“…Particularly their all-weather capabilities can make them advantageous over optical sensors in areas where those do not perform effectively [10]. In this respect, SAR-based archaeological studies have been focusing mainly on mountainous, arid, and forested regions [11][12][13][14], partly using SAR data of very high resolution [15,16]. In order to complement those studies, here, we introduce a new domain for SAR-driven archaeology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SAR Imaging of Archaeological Sites on Intertidal Flats in the German Wadden Sea

Gade

Kohlus

Kost³

2017

Geosciences

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Abstract:We show that high-resolution space-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery with pixel sizes smaller than 1 m 2 can be used to complement archaeological surveys on intertidal flats. After major storm surges in the 14th and 17th centuries ("Grote Mandrenke"), vast areas on the German North Sea coast were lost to the sea. Areas of settlements and historical farmland were buried under sediments for centuries, but when the surface layer is driven away under the action of wind, currents, and waves, they appear again on the Wadden Sea surface. However, frequent flooding and erosion of the intertidal flats make any archaeological monitoring a difficult task, so that remote sensing techniques appear to be an efficient and cost-effective instrument for any archaeological surveillance of that area. Space-borne SAR images clearly show remains of farmhouse foundations and of former systems of ditches, dating back to the times before the "Grote Mandrenke". In particular, the very high-resolution acquisition ("staring spotlight") mode of the TerraSAR/TanDEM-X satellites allows detecting various kinds of remains of historical land use at high precision. Moreover, SARs working at lower microwave frequencies (e.g., that on Radarsat-2) may complement archaeological surveys of historical cultural traces, some of which have been unknown so far.

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Spaceborne and Airborne Radar at Angkor: Introducing New Technology to the Ancient Site

Cited by 26 publications

References 7 publications

Airborne LiDAR, archaeology, and the ancient Maya landscape at Caracol, Belize

Airborne LiDAR, archaeology, and the ancient Maya landscape at Caracol, Belize

Automated Extraction of the Archaeological Tops of Qanat Shafts from VHR Imagery in Google Earth

SAR Imaging of Archaeological Sites on Intertidal Flats in the German Wadden Sea

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