“…These exploit magnetohydrodynamics to generate sustainable, clean, durable power generation and can be deployed in many branches of technology as reviewed by Messerle [1]. MHD generators frequently employ hightemperature working fluids (plasma, gases, superheated sea-water etc) and can substantially enhance conventional thermal power generating system efficiency from 40% to above 70% since they recycle a lot of the heat which otherwise in conventional systems would be rejected MHD propulsion for surface vessels [2], coal-fired combustion enhancement [3], hybrid solar-MHD astronautical power systems [4], driven disk MHD rocket propulsion [5], fusion Rankine bypass cycles [6], nuclear submarine electromagnetic drives [7] (wherein silent operation at much higher speeds is achievable with MHD propulsion systems without encountering cavitation and high turbine blade losses associated with ordinary propellers), commercial ship propulsion [8,9] and MHD wave energy generation designs [10]. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) propulsion and power generation systems function with different physical principles than do conventional propeller drives and industrial energy generators and are therefore not subject to the same physical limits.…”