Space-for-time substitution in geomorphology

Huang, Xiaoli; Tang, Guoan; Zhu, Tongxin; Ding, Hu; Na, Jiaming

doi:10.1007/s11442-019-1684-0

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Numerous studies have focused on the development and evolution of loess landforms [7,17,72]. There are also mature and acceptable theories on the evolution of the loess landforms, for example, space for time theory [30], loess gully profile combination [73], and geo-information Tupu theory [74]. Previous studies have provided some insights into the evolution of the loess landforms; for example, Xiong pointed out that the development of the loess landforms is closely related to the underlying bedrock, which directly affects the evolution of the loess landforms.…”

Section: Analysis Of Evolution Process Between Loess Landform Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More than 100 terrain derivatives have been proposed to date, and these derivatives are sufficient to describe the topographic features and differences of the loess landforms in detail. In the analysis of the evolution and development process of the loess landforms, different methods have been applied to the prediction and simulation of the evolution process of the loess landforms development, including geological dating [28], feature expression method [29], space for time theory [30], subbasin monitoring simulation method [31]. Scholars strive to realize the scientific cognition of "past-modern-future" in the development and evolution of loess landforms based on these methods and approaches [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification of Loess Landforms from Three-Dimensional Landscape Pattern Perspective by Using DEMs

Wei

et al. 2021

IJGI

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Quantitative analysis of the differences and the exploration of the evolution models of different loess landform types are greatly important to the in-depth understanding of the evolution process and mechanism of the loess landforms. In this research, several typical loess landform areas in the Chinese Loess Plateau were selected, and the object-oriented image analysis (OBIA) method was employed to identify the basic loess landform types. Three-dimensional (3D) landscape pattern indices were introduced on this foundation to measure the morphological and structural features of individual loess landform objects in more detail. Compared with the traditional two-dimensional (2D) landscape pattern indices, the indices consider the topographic features, thereby providing more vertical topographic information. Furthermore, the evolution modes between different loess landform types were discussed. Results show that the OBIA method achieved satisfying classification results with an overall accuracy of 88.12%. There are evident differences in quantitative morphological indicators among loess landform types, especially in indicators such as total length of edge, mean patch size, landscape shape index, and edge dimension index. Meanwhile, significant differences are also found in the combination of loess landform types corresponding to different landform development stages. The degree of surface erosion became increasingly significant as loess landforms developed, loess tableland area rapidly reduced or even vanished, and the dominant loess landform types changed to loess ridge and loess hill. Hence, in the reconstruction and management of the Loess Plateau, the loess tableland should be the key protected loess landform type. These preliminary results are helpful to further understand the development process of loess landforms and provide a certain reference for regional soil and water conservation.

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Section: Analysis Of Evolution Process Between Loess Landform Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of Loess Landforms from Three-Dimensional Landscape Pattern Perspective by Using DEMs

Wei

et al. 2021

IJGI

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“…which is approximately monotone [4]. Equation 1is a function expression of space-for-time substitution, which states that the landform G (i.e., a coastal cliff) can be regarded as a function, F, of the driving force A (i.e., wave energy reaching the surf zone), surface material M (i.e., topography and a mixture of fine sand and gravel in a consolidated or non-consolidated state), and time T. Any change in the independent variables (A, M, T) can result in a change in the landform shape.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, the combination of different independent variables will correspond to different landform types. The basic principle of space-for-time substitution theory can be deduced from the inversion of the function F [4]. Assuming that the driving force, original topography, and surface material composition are unchanged (or approximately unchanged), with the passage of time, the topography of a coastal cliff reflects the evolution time, i.e.,…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We also acknowledge that there are spatial differences in the driving force at the two study sites (i.e., wave energy flux at breaking and tidal range) which have not been considered in this analysis. Finally, we also acknowledge that framing this analysis under the ergodic theory could be contested [4]. While we see the value of providing a theoretical framework, our analysis can also be understood as us seeking a general statistical behaviour from observations.…”

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confidence: 96%

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A Method to Extract Measurable Indicators of Coastal Cliff Erosion from Topographical Cliff and Beach Profiles: Application to North Norfolk and Suffolk, East England, UK

López

Payo

Ellis

et al. 2020

JMSE

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Recession of coastal cliffs (bluffs) is a significant problem globally, as around 80% of Earth’s coastlines are classified as sea cliffs. It has long been recognised that beaches control wave energy dissipation on the foreshore and, as a result, can provide protection from shoreline and cliff erosion. However, there have been few studies that have quantified the relationship between beach levels and cliff recession rates. One of the few quantitative studies has shown that there is a measurable relationship between the beach thickness (or beach wedge area (BWA) as a proxy for beach thickness) and the annual cliff top recession rate along the undefended coast of North Norfolk and Suffolk in eastern England, United Kingdom (UK). Additionally, previous studies also found that for profiles with low BWA, the annual cliff top recession rate frequency distribution follows a bimodal distribution. This observation suggests that as BWA increases, not only does cliff top recession rate become lower, but also more predictable, which has important implications for coastal stakeholders particularly for planning purposes at decadal and longer time scales. In this study, we have addressed some of the limitations of the previous analysis to make it more transferable to other study sites and applicable to longer time scales. In particular, we have automatised the extraction of cliff tops, toe locations, and BWA from elevation profiles. Most importantly, we have verified the basic assumption of space-for-time substitution in three different ways: (1) Extending the number or years analysed in a previous study from 11 to 24 years, (2) extending the number of locations at which cliff top recession rate and BWA are calculated, and (3) exploring the assumption of surface material remaining unchanged over time by using innovative 3D subsurface modelling. The present study contributes to our understanding of a poorly known aspect of cliff–beach interaction and outlines a quantitative approach that allows for simple analysis of widely available topographical elevation profiles, enabling the extraction of measurable indicators of coastal erosion.

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Using music and music‐based analysis to model and to classify terrain in geomorphology

Lin,

Yu,

Chen

et al. 2024

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Music has long served as a bridge between science and nature, allowing for the artistic expression of natural and human‐made phenomena. While music has been used in geomorphology as an engaging teaching strategy, its application in specific scientific inquiries within geomorphology remains relatively unexplored. Drawing on the morphological similarities between music and terrain relief, this work introduced a novel music‐based method for modelling and expressing terrain relief based on the drainage basin profile (DBP). It converts terrain relief into pitches and time values according to mapping rules and then describes terrain relief in an audible form. Based on 5 sample areas and 360 drainage basins on the Loess Plateau, we developed the application of the proposed method on four core geomorphic tasks, including landform interpretation, analysis, recognition and classification. Experimental results show that (1) terrain music can interpret the terrain relief and landform evolution processes through its musical structure and rhythmic variations; (2) music derivatives are related to different terrain features, such as terrain relief, terrain variation intensity, landform evolution degree and terrain complexity, and have a well‐functioning relationship with a series of conventional terrain derivatives; (3) leveraging machine learning techniques, the terrain music method is effective for landform recognition, achieving an overall accuracy of 88.85% and a mean accuracy of 88.85%; and (4) via a case study in Northern Shaanxi, music modelling successfully divided it into 12 distinct landform regions and 8 landform types. Different landform regions exhibit clear regional boundaries and gradual transition zones, while specific landform regions share prominent terrain, spatial clustering and landform processes. Our delineation provides reasonable and effective landform differentiation but captures additional bed‐rock mountain features compared with a traditional method. This study highlights that music is not only an artistic expression but also a valuable research paradigm for a wide range of geomorphic tasks, offering fresh perspectives and enhancing our understanding of loess landforms. The results show a promising effort to integrate music theory into practical geomorphic tasks, demonstrating the potential of using music as a medium for conveying and analysing spatial information in geomorphology.

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Space-for-time substitution in geomorphology

Cited by 18 publications

References 31 publications

Quantification of Loess Landforms from Three-Dimensional Landscape Pattern Perspective by Using DEMs

Quantification of Loess Landforms from Three-Dimensional Landscape Pattern Perspective by Using DEMs

A Method to Extract Measurable Indicators of Coastal Cliff Erosion from Topographical Cliff and Beach Profiles: Application to North Norfolk and Suffolk, East England, UK

Using music and music‐based analysis to model and to classify terrain in geomorphology

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