Space-charge-limited electron and hole currents in hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites

Alvar, Mohammad Sajedi; Blom, Paul W. M.; Wetzelaer, Gert‐Jan A. H.

doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17868-0

Cited by 172 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 71 publications

(123 reference statements)

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“…14b ). The devices did not behave much scan polarity dependence, due to the symmetric device structure, which is consistent with the recent report on perovskite SCLC 38 . Hence, the main error should come from the different scan rates.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Crystallization of CsPbBr3 single crystals in water for X-ray detection

et al. 2021

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Metal halide perovskites have fascinated the research community over the past decade, and demonstrated unprecedented success in optoelectronics. In particular, perovskite single crystals have emerged as promising candidates for ionization radiation detection, due to the excellent opto-electronic properties. However, most of the reported crystals are grown in organic solvents and require high temperature. In this work, we develop a low-temperature crystallization strategy to grow CsPbBr3 perovskite single crystals in water. Then, we carefully investigate the structure and optoelectronic properties of the crystals obtained, and compare them with CsPbBr3 crystals grown in dimethyl sulfoxide. Interestingly, the water grown crystals exhibit a distinct crystal habit, superior charge transport properties and better stability in air. We also fabricate X-ray detectors based on the CsPbBr3 crystals, and systematically characterize their device performance. The crystals grown in water demonstrate great potential for X-ray imaging with enhanced performance metrics.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Crystallization of CsPbBr3 single crystals in water for X-ray detection

et al. 2021

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“…The values obtained by SCLC are in good agreement with the order of values obtained in the case of Pb-based perovskites. [48] We postulated the better band bending within perovskite (Figure 2c) with EDA coating by observing the increase in the difference of E f levels of the hole transport layer (PEDOT:PSS) and perovskite. To further confirm the steeper band bending, Mott-Schottky (MS) was analyzed for the devices as shown in Figure 3f.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Tin‐Lead Perovskite Fabricated via Ethylenediamine Interlayer Guides to the Solar Cell Efficiency of 21.74%

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Maekawa

et al. 2021

Advanced Energy Materials

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terms of employing the ideal bandgap absorber layer in PSC, the tin-lead (Sn-Pb) mixed PSCs are now getting attention with the additional benefit of utilizing them in tandem solar cell technology. [8][9][10] In recent years, various research groups have demonstrated power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of more than 20% by employing Sn-Pb PSCs. [9,[11][12][13][14] However, PCE of Sn-Pb mixed PSCs is still lagging behind their Pb counterparts, especially in terms of open-circuit voltage (V oc ) loss, which is conventionally described as the deficit from the bandgap, is less than 0.3 V for the efficient Pb-PSCs. [4][5][6] Therefore, in the recent past, the efforts are directed toward finding the solutions to overcome the V oc loss. Researchers around the world are trying to address the problem by solving the issues related to the physical properties of the Sn-Pb perovskite films such as short carrier lifetime, [12] large Urbach energy, [11] high trap density, and most importantly the rapid oxidation of Sn 2+ to Sn 4+ . [9,13,14] The focus has been on improving the physical properties by employing different thin film formation strategies. Tong et al., [12] demonstrated the drastic improvement in optoelectronic properties such as the increase in carrier lifetime of more than 1 µs and carrier diffusion length of longer than 1 µm with the incorporation of bulky guanidinium thiocyanate (GuaSCN) into the perovskite films that led to the first research report of more than 20% PCE in Sn-Pb PSCs with a V oc loss of 0.42 V. The increase in PSC performance is assigned to the passivation by the formation of a 2D structure at the grain boundaries that also suppresses the formation of Sn vacancies. This kind of improvement in solar cell performance is the same observation as reported in the case of pure Pb-containing PSCs. [15] Our group also showed the effect of the decrease in trap densities, at the surface and bulk, by using strain engineering, steering to the PCE of 20.4%, and V oc loss of less than 0.50 V. [11] Recently, Li et al., [16] also demonstrated the importance of surface and grain boundary passivation by the formation of 1D pyrrolidine perovskite, a V oc loss of 0.41 V is reported. Lin et al., [9] addressed the oxidation problem in Sn-Pb precursor solution. The Sn metal is introduced as a reducing agent in precursor solution that decreased concentration of Sn 4+ (Sn 4+ + Sn→ 2Sn 2+ ) in the precursor solution before the film formation, Tin-lead perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show inferior power conversion efficiency (PCE) than their Pb counterparts mainly because of the higher open-circuit voltage (V oc ) loss. Here, it is revealed that the p-type surface of perovskite transforms to n-type, based on post-treatment by a Lewis base, ethylenediamine. This approach forms a graded band structure owing to the rise of the Fermi-energy level at the surface of the perovskite layer, and increases the built-in potential from 0.56 to 0.76 V, which increases the V oc by more than 100 mV. It is demonstrated that EDA can lower the ...

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“…The FW (BW) scan is a measurement of a JV curve from low (high) to high (low) voltages. Recent exceptions are the papers by Duijnstee et al 16 and Sajedi Alvar et al 40 The JV curve from the SCLC measurement of a MAPbBr 3 single crystal, taken from ref ( 16 ), is shown in Figure 2 a and shows large hysteresis between the FW and BW scans. This indicates that the movement of the ions has a strong effect on the current and, hence, needs to be considered in the SCLC analysis when studying perovskites.…”

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confidence: 99%

Revealing Charge Carrier Mobility and Defect Densities in Metal Halide Perovskites via Space-Charge-Limited Current Measurements

et al. 2021

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Space-charge-limited current (SCLC) measurements have been widely used to study the charge carrier mobility and trap density in semiconductors. However, their applicability to metal halide perovskites is not straightforward, due to the mixed ionic and electronic nature of these materials. Here, we discuss the pitfalls of SCLC for perovskite semiconductors, and especially the effect of mobile ions. We show, using drift-diffusion (DD) simulations, that the ions strongly affect the measurement and that the usual analysis and interpretation of SCLC need to be refined. We highlight that the trap density and mobility cannot be directly quantified using classical methods. We discuss the advantages of pulsed SCLC for obtaining reliable data with minimal influence of the ionic motion. We then show that fitting the pulsed SCLC with DD modeling is a reliable method for extracting mobility, trap, and ion densities simultaneously. As a proof of concept, we obtain a trap density of 1.3 × 10 13 cm –3 , an ion density of 1.1 × 10 13 cm –3 , and a mobility of 13 cm 2 V –1 s –1 for a MAPbBr 3 single crystal.

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Space-charge-limited electron and hole currents in hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites

Cited by 172 publications

References 71 publications

Crystallization of CsPbBr3 single crystals in water for X-ray detection

Crystallization of CsPbBr3 single crystals in water for X-ray detection

Tin‐Lead Perovskite Fabricated via Ethylenediamine Interlayer Guides to the Solar Cell Efficiency of 21.74%

Revealing Charge Carrier Mobility and Defect Densities in Metal Halide Perovskites via Space-Charge-Limited Current Measurements

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