Space and time resolved temperature measurements in laser pulse-produced metal melts

Otte, Dietmar; Kleinschmidt, Harald; Bostanjoglo, O.

doi:10.1063/1.1148155

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…When the temperature approaches 90% of the thermodynamic critical point, uniform bubble nucleation occurs on the liquid metal surface. The target rapidly transitions from a superheated liquid to a mixture of vapor and equilibrium liquid droplets in a phenomenon known as phase explosion or explosive boiling. − A pulsed laser with an energy density of 12 J/cm 2 can raise the temperature of a metal thin film to 3000 K . In this study, a pulsed laser with a focal spot diameter of 50 μm and a pulse energy of 1 mJ results in a high laser energy density of 50.96 J/cm 2 , generating temperatures exceeding 90% of the thermodynamic critical point.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The target rapidly transitions from a superheated liquid to a mixture of vapor and equilibrium liquid droplets in a phenomenon known as phase explosion or explosive boiling. 36−38 A pulsed laser with an energy density of 12 J/cm 2 can raise the temperature of a metal thin film to 3000 K. 39 In this study, a pulsed laser with a focal spot diameter of 50 μm and a pulse energy of 1 mJ results in a high laser energy density of 50.96 J/cm 2 , generating temperatures exceeding 90% of the thermodynamic critical point. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 2, a distinct bright spot is observed when the laser interacts with the liquid metal, indicating the occurrence of phase explosion during the laser interaction.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

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Laser-Induced High-Throughput Printing of Liquid Metal

Zhang,

Yan,

Zhu

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.

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Liquid metals, such as gallium-based alloys, have gained significant attention as ideal materials for flexible electronic devices due to their nontoxicity, harmlessness at room temperature, excellent electrical conductivity, and superior flexibility, ensuring exceptional resistance to bending and stretching. Although various patterning methods for liquid metals have been developed, they often suffer from long preparation cycles and complex procedures. This paper presents a straightforward and efficient method for liquid metal patterning. It harnesses nanosecond laser irradiation on the liquid metal surface to generate microexplosion-induced high pressure, enabling the ejection of liquid metal droplets. This approach allows for high-frequency inkjet printing of liquid metals, even in the presence of oxide films. By employing a galvanometric scanning system, the nanosecond laser is directed toward an array of orifices, enabling liquid metal droplet ejection frequencies exceeding kilohertz. Furthermore, this paper delves into the mechanism of laser-induced liquid metal droplet ejection, investigates the influence of different laser parameters and orifice geometries on the characteristics of liquid metal ejection, and establishes a theoretical and technical foundation for achieving precise and efficient patterning of liquid metals.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Laser-Induced High-Throughput Printing of Liquid Metal

Zhang,

Yan,

Zhu

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.

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“…Manara et al used a probe laser to identify the phase transition zone by detecting the oscillations of the reflected light intensity from the liquid material [49]. Alternatively, temperature measurement can be made by employing a two wavelength optical setup composed of two cameras [44] or a pyrometer [50]. According to the measured temperature, the molten pool shape can be undirectly estimated.…”

Section: B Comparison Between Visible and Nir Wavelength Bandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Observation of Melt Pool in Selective Laser Melting: Spatial, Temporal, and Wavelength Resolution Criteria

Mazzoleni

Demir

Caprio

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.

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Melt pool monitoring in selective laser melting (SLM) is a key challenge to enhance the understanding of the basic process physics as well as the in-situ identification of drifts. The main issues are related to its fast dynamics and small spatial extent, which require high performance monitoring systems in terms of temporal and spatial resolution, often resulting in unmanageable data rates. Furthermore, the broadband thermal emission from the process can be viewed in different spectral ranges depending on the sensor and optical system employed. Accordingly, a wide range of sensing configurations is possible. The choice of monitoring parameters is crucial to achieve a solution capable of describing process dynamics with industrial applicability in terms of data transport and analysis. This work discusses the design of a coaxial monitoring module to assess melt pool dynamics in SLM using temporal and spatial cues related to the process physics. Restrictions regarding data management were considered to ensure a future inline process control. The system was tested with an external illuminator to reveal the actual melt pool geometry employing an acquisition rate of 1200 fps, 4.3 mm x 4.3 mm field of view and 14 µm/pixel spatial resolution. The process emission in visible (640 nm) and nearinfrared regions (850-1000 nm) was also acquired and the band choice discussed. The proposed solution captured successfully the melting conditions from both a spatial and temporal viewpoint. The monitoring system depicted variations of the melt pool shape when processing different geometries using modulated and continuous wave laser emission. Index Terms-Selective laser melting, process monitoring, thermal emission, infrared imaging, melt pool geometry.

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“…Considerable work on dynamic studies using time‐resolved electron microscopy has been pursued by Bostanjoglo and colleagues 135–159. In these studies the beam of a conventional electron microscope was adapted for conducting time‐resolved experiments.…”

Section: Time Resolved Electron Diffraction and Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

High resolution electron microscopy of ordered polymers and organic molecular crystals: Recent developments and future possibilities

Martin

Chen

Yang

et al. 2005

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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High Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM) has made it possible to directly image the detailed organization of a variety of polymers and organic molecular crystals. For organic materials it is imperative to use low dose techniques that minimize the structural reorganizations that inevitably occur during electron beam irradiation. This article reviews recent developments in low dose HREM from our own laboratory and elsewhere. The developments in closely related microstructural characterization techniques are also reviewed. In the future, the ability to correct the spherical aberration of the objective lens, the use of low voltages to increase contrast, and the use of time resolved techniques are expected to open new avenues for the ultrastructural investigations of organic materials. New sample preparation techniques, such as the ability to make thin samples by focused ion beam (FIBs), to cut samples with an oscillating diamond knife, and to more conveniently prepare cryogenically solidified specimens,are also expected to be of increasing importance

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Space and time resolved temperature measurements in laser pulse-produced metal melts

Cited by 8 publications

References 16 publications

Laser-Induced High-Throughput Printing of Liquid Metal

Laser-Induced High-Throughput Printing of Liquid Metal

Real-Time Observation of Melt Pool in Selective Laser Melting: Spatial, Temporal, and Wavelength Resolution Criteria

High resolution electron microscopy of ordered polymers and organic molecular crystals: Recent developments and future possibilities

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