Space agency-specific standards for crew dose and risk assessment of ionising radiation exposures for the International Space Station

Shavers, M. R.; Semones, E.; Tomi, Leena; Chen, Jing; Straube, U.; Komiyama, Tatsuto; Shurshakov, Vyacheslav; Li, Chunsheng; Rühm, W.

doi:10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.06.005

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Future missions will travel to distant locations, well beyond LEO. These will present new design and radiation protection challenges (202). A list of current operational radiation limitations utilized by the ISS partners can be found in (199) and updates can be found in (203,204).…”

Section: Radiation Limitations For Astronautsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of deep space exploration risks and mitigations against radiation and microgravity

Dobney,

Mols,

Mistry

et al. 2023

Front. Nucl. Med.

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Ionizing radiation and microgravity are two considerable health risks encountered during deep space exploration. Both have deleterious effects on the human body. On one hand, weightlessness is known to induce a weakening of the immune system, a delayed wound healing and musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and sensorimotor deconditioning. On the other hand, radiation exposure can lead to long-term health effects such as cancer and cataract, as well as adverse effects to the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Ionizing radiation originates from three main sources in space: galactic cosmic radiation, solar particle events and solar winds. Furthermore, inside the spacecraft and inside certain space habitats on Lunar and Martian surfaces, the crew is exposed to intravehicular radiation, which arises from nuclear reactions between space radiation and matter. Besides the approaches already in use, such as radiation shielding materials (such as aluminium, water or polyethylene), alternative shielding materials (including boron nanotubes, complex hybrids, composite hybrid materials, and regolith) and active shielding (using fields to deflect radiation particles) are being investigated for their abilities to mitigate the effects of ionizing radiation. From a biological point-of-view, it can be predicted that exposure to ionizing radiation during missions beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO) will affect the human body in undesirable ways, e.g., increasing the risks of cataract, cardiovascular and central nervous system diseases, carcinogenesis, as well as accelerated ageing. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the risks related to deep space exploration and to develop mitigation strategies to reduce these risks to a tolerable level. By using biomarkers for radiation sensitivity, space agencies are developing extensive personalised medical examination programmes to determine an astronaut's vulnerability to radiation. Moreover, researchers are developing pharmacological solutions (e.g., radioprotectors and radiomitigators) to proactively or reactively protect astronauts during deep space exploration. Finally, research is necessary to develop more effective countermeasures for use in future human space missions, which can also lead to improvements to medical care on Earth. This review will discuss the risks space travel beyond LEO poses to astronauts, methods to monitor astronauts' health, and possible approaches to mitigate these risks.

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Section: Radiation Limitations For Astronautsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of deep space exploration risks and mitigations against radiation and microgravity

Dobney,

Mols,

Mistry

et al. 2023

Front. Nucl. Med.

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“…Methodologies currently applied by the various national space agencies for radiation protection of astronauts during and after space missions have already been reviewed in this special issue (see paper from TG115 group [1] ). Radiation protection of astronauts currently involves detailed radiation risk assessment by some agencies involving the application of radiation related cumulative risk measures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of multi-method-multi-model inference to radiation related solid cancer excess risks models for astronaut risk assessment

Hafner

Walsh

2024

Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik

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“…Considering the issues of the extraterrestrial environment, radiation shielding is also crucial in order to ensure the liveability of spacecraft cockpits and human habitats. Space agencies are aware of the risks of ionizing radiation exposures for their crews, inducing deleterious late effects on human organisms [19]. These might be even worse, considering long-term expeditions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomaterials for Potential Uses in Extraterrestrial Environments

Nicosia,

Mineo

2024

Nanomaterials

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Space agency-specific standards for crew dose and risk assessment of ionising radiation exposures for the International Space Station

Cited by 13 publications

References 33 publications

Evaluation of deep space exploration risks and mitigations against radiation and microgravity

Evaluation of deep space exploration risks and mitigations against radiation and microgravity

Application of multi-method-multi-model inference to radiation related solid cancer excess risks models for astronaut risk assessment

Nanomaterials for Potential Uses in Extraterrestrial Environments

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