Responding to increasing environmental concerns, lipids are attractive feedstock to produce bio-based polyurethanes. In this study, ethyl rhamnolipids were used to synthesize polyurethanes by reacting with 1,6-hexane diisocyanate (HDI). Rhamnolipids were produced by microbial fermentation, providing a novel source for biopolyurethanes. FTIR and gel content analyses confirmed that the hydroxyl groups on rhamnose residues were reacted with isocyanates. DSC analysis revealed an adjustable glass transition temperature (Tg) from 19 to 50°C. Ethyl rhamnolipids are liquid at 50°C, presumably because rhamnose is connected with fatty acid at a mid-chain position and the unique structure decreases the tendency to crystallize. The liquid polyols were found to have good mixing and reaction properties. The study may inspire future synthesis of novel lipid-based polyols.Practical applications: Use of vegetable oil-based polyols for polyurethane production had been extensively investigated. However, synthesis of these polyols mostly involved introduction of petroleumbased chemicals such as methanol and 1,2-propanediol. Rhamnolipids are natural glycolipids. Using ethyl rhamnolipids to prepare polyurethanes provides an alternative, more renewable route. In addition, it inspires synthesis of vegetable oil polyols by introducing natural sugars.