Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment: Setting the stage

Ho, David T.; Sabine, Christopher L.; Hebert, Dave; Ullman, David S.; Wanninkhof, Rik; Hamme, Roberta C.; Strutton, Peter G.; Hales, Burke; Edson, James B.; Hargreaves, Bruce R.

doi:10.1029/2010jc006852

Cited by 38 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…To evaluate these results within the framework of equation 5.5, we must estimate the fractional ice cover during Injection In calculating GOP and NOP by oxygen mass balance, we apply the tracer-based gas transfer velocities determined by dual tracer release throughout the time-series, rather than a traditional wind speed-based parameterization because the gas transfer velocities determined at the same time as the productivity estimates are most accurate, since there is no consensus on the best treatment of gas transfer in lakes and estuaries (Clark et al, 1995;Cole and Caraco, 1998;Crusius and Wanninkhof, 2003;Ho et al, 2011a), nor on the parameterization of gas transfer in the presence of ice (Else et al, 2011;Lovely et al, 2015;Butterworth and Miller, 2016). If bottom-derived turbulence (e.g., from tidal flow) is a significant contributor to air-water gas exchange, a parameterization based on wind speed alone may not be appropriate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For gas exchange studies, the tracer pair should be chosen to have very different gas transfer velocities and a common choice is 3 He and SF 6 , which differ in diffusivity by a factor of 8 (Figure 1-1, Jähne et al (1987a); King and Saltzman (1995)). These tracers also tag the surface water mass, enabling observations of the evolution of other biogeochemical parameters within the tracer patch (Watson et al, 1991a;Martin et al, 1994;Nightingale et al, 2000;Ho et al, 2011a). …”

Section: Deliberate Gas Tracer Releasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Manning¹

2017

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In this thesis, I use coastal measurements of dissolved O 2 and inert gases to provide insight into the chemical, biological, and physical processes that impact the oceanic cycles of carbon and dissolved gases. Dissolved O 2 concentration and triple isotopic composition trace net and gross biological productivity. The saturation states of inert gases trace physical processes, such as air-water gas exchange, temperature change, and mixing, that affect all gases.First, I developed a field-deployable system that measures Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe gas ratios in water. It has precision and accuracy of 1 % or better, enables near-continuous measurements, and has much lower cost compared to existing laboratory-based methods. The system will increase the scientific community's access to use dissolved noble gases as environmental tracers.Second, I measured O 2 and five noble gases during a cruise in Monterey Bay, California. I developed a vertical model and found that accurately parameterizing bubble-mediated gas exchange was necessary to accurately simulate the He and Ne measurements. I present the first comparison of multiple gas tracer, incubation, and sediment trap-based productivity estimates in the coastal ocean. Net community production estimated from 15 NO -3 uptake and O 2 /Ar gave equivalent results at steady state. Underway O 2 /Ar measurements revealed submesoscale variability that was not apparent from daily incubations.Third, I quantified productivity by O 2 mass balance and air-water gas exchange by dual tracer ( 3 He/SF 6 ) release during ice melt in the Bras d'Or Lakes, a Canadian estuary. The gas transfer velocity at >90 % ice cover was 6 % of the rate for nearly ice-free conditions. Rates of volumetric gross primary production were similar when the estuary was completely ice-covered and ice-free, and the ecosystem was on average net autotrophic during ice melt and net heterotrophic following ice melt. I present a method for incorporating the isotopic composition of H 2 O into the O 2 isotope-based productivity calculations, which increases the estimated gross primary production in this study by 46-97 %.In summary, I describe a new noble gas analysis system and apply O 2 and inert gas observations in new ways to study chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deliberate Gas Tracer Releasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Manning¹

2017

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“…Some flux estimates fail in part because they are calculated using parameterizations that have not been optimized for high-latitude conditions. Whereas surface turbulent fluxes can be | measured directly with specialized sensors placed on suitable platforms over the ocean (e.g., Wanninkhof et al 2009;Ho et al 2011), most applications require estimates distributed over a broader range in space and time than can be achieved with dedicated flux sensors. Thus, direct in situ flux observations are used to develop and tune indirect parameterizations, known as bulk flux algorithms, which allow fluxes to be calculated from more easily measured variables such as wind speed and sea surface temperature.…”

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confidence: 99%

High-Latitude Ocean and Sea Ice Surface Fluxes: Challenges for Climate Research

Bourassa¹,

Gille²,

Bitz³

et al. 2013

Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

160

175

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High latitudes present extreme conditions for the measurement and estimation of air-sea and ice fluxes, limiting understanding of related physical processes and feedbacks that are important elements of the Earth's climate. we focus on the exchange of energy, momentum, and material between the ocean and atmosphere and between atmosphere and sea ice (the basic concepts defining surface fluxes are outlined in "Primer: What is an air-sea flux?"). Surface fluxes at high latitudes

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“…However, when used in the open ocean, both mass balance techniques depend on knowledge of the mixed layer depths, see Ho et al (2011a) for a detailed discussion of mixed layer depth estimates derived using different methods. Because a profile of 222 Rn reflects processes taking place over days to weeks, a one-time estimate of the mixed layer depth may not reflect its variability over time.…”

Section: Accuracy and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer Across the Air-Sea Interface

Garbe

Rutgersson

Boutin

et al. 2013

Springer Earth System Sciences

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The efficiency of transfer of gases and particles across the air-sea interface is controlled by several physical, biological and chemical processes in the atmosphere and water which are described here (including waves, large-and small-scale turbulence, bubbles, sea spray, rain and surface films). For a deeper understanding of relevant transport mechanisms, several models have been developed, ranging from conceptual models to numerical models. Most frequently the transfer is described by various functional dependencies of the wind speed, but more detailed descriptions need additional information. The study of gas transfer mechanisms uses a variety of experimental methods ranging from laboratory studies to carbon budgets, mass balance methods, micrometeorological techniques and thermographic techniques. Different methods resolve the transfer at different scales of time and space; this is important to take into account when comparing different results. Air-sea transfer is relevant in a wide range of applications, for example, local and regional fluxes, global models, remote sensing and computations of global inventories. The sensitivity of global models to the description of transfer velocity is limited; it is however likely that the formulations are more important when the resolution increases and other processes in models are improved. For global flux estimates using inventories or remote sensing products the accuracy of the transfer formulation as well as the accuracy of the wind field is crucial. IntroductionThe transfer of gases and particles across the air-sea interface depends not only on the concentration difference between the water and the air, but also on the efficiency of the transfer process. The efficiency of the transfer is controlled by complex interaction of a variety of processes in the air and in the water near the interface. Here we treat both gases and particles since the transfer, to some extent, is governed by similar mechanisms. Studies of transfer across the air-sea interface include a variety of methods and techniques ranging from laboratory studies, modeling and large-scale field studies. Various methods reach somewhat different conclusions, due to representation of different

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Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment: Setting the stage

Cited by 38 publications

References 34 publications

Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

High-Latitude Ocean and Sea Ice Surface Fluxes: Challenges for Climate Research

Transfer Across the Air-Sea Interface

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