Southern Hemispheric halon trends (1978–1998) and global halon emissions

Fraser, P. J.; Oram, D. E.; Reeves, Claire E.; Penkett, S. A.; McCulloch, Archie

doi:10.1029/1999jd900113

Cited by 111 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Sources of CH 3 Cl include biomass burning and biofuel use, while 1,2-dichloroethane primarily is anthropogenic and is used as a chemical intermediate in synthesizing other compounds (Barletta et al, 2009). Halon-1211, a purely anthropogenic tracer, is used in firefighting (Butler et al, 1998;Fraser et al, 1999). Halon-1211 also contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion, although its global abundance has begun to decline in recent years (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/ otheratg/blake/data.html).…”

Section: Chemical Fingerprintingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic emissions during Arctas-A: mean transport characteristics and regional case studies

et al. 2011

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Abstract. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) conducted the Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARC-TAS) mission during 2008 as a part of the International Polar Year (IPY). The purpose of ARCTAS was to study the factors responsible for changes in the Arctic's atmospheric composition and climate. A major emphasis was to investigate Arctic haze, which is most pronounced during winter and early spring. This study focuses on the spring phase of ARCTAS (ARCTAS-A) that was based in Alaska during April 2008. Although anthropogenic emissions historically have been associated with Arctic haze, biomass burning emissions dominated the ARCTAS-A period and have been the focus of many ARCTAS related studies.This study determines mean transport characteristics of anthropogenic emissions during ARCTAS-A. Trajectories are initiated each day from three significant regions of anthropogenic emissions (Asia, North America, and Europe). The fifteen day forward trajectories are calculated using data from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at 45 km horizontal resolution. The trajectory calculations indicate: origins of emissions that reach the Arctic (defined as north of 70 • N) within fifteen days, pathways of these emissions, Arctic entry locations, and altitudes at which the trajectories enter the Arctic.Three cases during the ARCTAS-A period (one for each of the regions above) are examined using backward trajectories and chemical fingerprinting based on in situ data sampled from the NASA DC-8. The fingerprinting utilizes volatile Correspondence to: H. E. Fuelberg (hfuelberg@fsu.edu) organic compounds that represent pure anthropogenic tracers, Asian anthropogenic pollution, incomplete combustion, and natural gas emissions. We determine flight legs containing anthropogenic emissions and the pathways travelled by these emissions. Results show that the DC-8 sampled anthropogenic emissions from Asia, North America, and Europe during the spring phase of ARCTAS. The pathways travelled by these emissions agree with our derived transport characteristics and previous studies of Arctic transport. Meteorological analysis and trajectory calculations indicate that middle latitude cyclones and their associated warm conveyor belts play an important role in lofting the surface based emissions to their sampling altitude in all three cases.

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Section: Chemical Fingerprintingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic emissions during Arctas-A: mean transport characteristics and regional case studies

et al. 2011

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“…The trigger option has not been implemented and the samples are collected according to a fixed schedule where collection times are distributed evenly along the flight track. Samples are normally analyzed within two weeks of collection for NMHC, and also greenhouse gases (Schuck et al, 2009), at the laboratory in Mainz, and are then circulated between partner laboratories for measurements of halocarbons (Fraser et al, 1999;O'Sullivan, 2007), as well as isotopic composition of CO 2 (Assonov et al, 2009). Also the D/H ratio of H 2 is determined for select flights.…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of non-methane hydrocarbons in air samples collected aboard the CARIBIC passenger aircraft

Baker¹,

Šlemr²,

Brenninkmeijer³

2010

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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Abstract. The CARIBIC project (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container) is a long-term monitoring program making regular atmospheric measurements from an instrument container installed monthly aboard a passenger aircraft. Typical cruising altitudes of the aircraft allow for the study of the free troposphere and the extra-tropical upper troposphere as well as the lowermost stratosphere. CARIBIC measurements include a number of real time analyses as well as the collection of aerosol and whole air samples. These whole air samples are analyzed post-flight for a suite of trace gases, which includes non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC).The NMHC measurement system and its analytical performance are described here. Precision was found to vary slightly by compound, and is less than 2% for the C 2 -C 6 alkanes and ethyne, and between 1% and 6% for C 7 -C 8 alkanes and aromatic compounds. Preliminary results from participation in a Global Atmospheric Watch (WMO) VOC audit indicate accuracies within the precision of the system. Limits of detection are 1 pptv for most compounds, and up to 3 pptv for some aromatics. These are sufficiently low to measure mixing ratios typically observed in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere for the longer-lived NMHC, however, in air samples from these regions many of the compounds with shorter lifetimes (<5 days) were frequently below the detection limit. Observed NMHC concentrations span several orders of magnitude, dependent on atmospheric region and air mass history, with concentrations typically decreasing with shorter chemical lifetimes.

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“…The implications for the budgets of the other THM's are also considered based on the observed variations in the NGRIP firn air. , sampling procedures (Schwander et al, 1993;Sturges et al, 2001) and analytical methodologies (Fraser et al, 1999;Oram et al, 1995;Sturges et al, 2001) have been given elsewhere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

20th century trends and budget implications of chloroform and related tri-and dihalomethanes inferred from firn air

et al. 2006

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Abstract. Four trihalomethane (THM; CHCl 3 , CHBrCl 2 , CHBr 2 Cl and CHBr 3 ) and two dihalomethane (DHM; CH 2 BrCl and CH 2 Br 2 ) trace gases have been measured in air extracted from polar firn collected at the North Greenland Icecore Project (NGRIP) site. CHCl 3 was also measured in firn air from Devon Island (DI), Canada, Dronning Maud Land (DML), Antarctica and Dome Concordia (Dome C), Antarctica. All of these species are believed to be almost entirely of natural origin except for CHCl 3 where anthropogenic sources have been reported to contribute ∼10% to the global burden. A 2-D atmospheric model was run for CHCl 3 using reported emission estimates to produce historical atmospheric trends at the firn sites, which were then input into a firn diffusion model to produce concentration depth profiles that were compared against the measurements. The anthropogenic emissions were modified in order to give the best model fit to the firn data at NGRIP, Dome C and DML. As a result, the contribution of CHCl 3 from anthropogenic sources, mainly from pulp and paper manufacture, to the total chloroform budget appears to have been considerably underestimated and was likely to have been close to ∼50% at the maximum in atmospheric CHCl 3 concentrations around 1990, declining to ∼29% at the beginning of the 21st century. We also show that the atmospheric burden of the brominated THM's in the Northern Hemisphere have increased over the 20th century while CH 2 Br 2 has remained constant over time implying that it is entirely of natural origin.

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Southern Hemispheric halon trends (1978–1998) and global halon emissions

Cited by 111 publications

References 40 publications

Anthropogenic emissions during Arctas-A: mean transport characteristics and regional case studies

Anthropogenic emissions during Arctas-A: mean transport characteristics and regional case studies

Analysis of non-methane hydrocarbons in air samples collected aboard the CARIBIC passenger aircraft

20th century trends and budget implications of chloroform and related tri-and dihalomethanes inferred from firn air

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