South–South cooperation and competition

Regional inequality in China's educational development: An urban-rural comparison

“…In the context of globalization, how to use the external resources to promote socio-economic development has been an important issue for underdeveloped countries. As two important ways for underdeveloped countries to utilize external resources, South-South and North-South cooperation focus on fields such as economy and technology [ [75] , [76] , [77] ]. Although exchanges and cooperation in the fields of educational development and human resources are involved, the overall scale is limited.…”

On becoming a development cooperation partner: Kazakhstan’s foreign policy, identity, and international norms

“…This contrasts with SSC narratives that have typically stressed principles of solidarity and equality between partners, sharing knowledge based on experience, political non-interference, and the virtue of mutual benefit and recognition of reciprocity (Gulrajani & Swiss, 2019; Mawdsley, 2012). Numerous studies have emphasized that these SSC principles in fact help to “foster a common Southern identity” (see Aneja, 2018, p. 142). Thus, even though SSC providers are highly heterogeneous in terms of priorities, policies, institutional arrangements, and engagement with international forums and initiatives (Renzio & Seifert, 2014), the common denominator these “new” actors share is their desire “to preserve their ‘Southern’ identity” (Chin & Quadir, 2012, p. 500), which differs from that of Northern “Others.” As Fiddian-Qasmiyeh and Daley (2018) have further put it “the contrast with the established aid system, rooted in the legacy and reproducing unequal international relations” is at the core of Southern identity.…”