South Korean Military Service Promotes Smoking: A Quasi-Experimental Design

Allem, Jon-Patrick; Ayers, John W.; Irvin, Veronica L.; Hofstetter, C. Richard; Hovell, Melbourne F.

doi:10.3349/ymj.2012.53.2.433

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…South Korean veterans are more likely to be regular smokers than their civilian counterparts. 27) Anecdotally, veterans from the South Korean military force describe the military service as a period that strongly influenced them to initiate and maintain smoking. Many service members smoke due to the free cigarette distribution and its use as a social activity.…”

Section: Sociocultural Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cigarette Smoking in South Korea: A Narrative Review

et al. 2020

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Although the prevalence of cigarette smoking has declined in Western countries over the past few decades, a comparable decline among males has not been observed in Asian countries, especially in South Korea, where approximately 40%-50% of men and 4%-8% of women have been identified as smokers, and there is a pressing need to understand the background of cigarette smoking in these populations. The present study is a narrative review of the research literature on cigarette smoking in South Korea. First, we describe the social, economic, and cultural factors that impact cigarette smoking in South Korea. The paper also reviews the available peer-reviewed literature comprising observational studies and interventional studies, including randomized controlled trials. The extant literature on smoking in Korean Americans is also reviewed. Cigarette smoking in South Korea has been relatively understudied, and this review identifies priority areas for future research, including the use of mobile interventions.

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Section: Sociocultural Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many service members smoke due to the free cigarette distribution and its use as a social activity. 27) This is a social factor that influences the prevalence of tobacco smoking among South Korean men, 28) as military service is only mandatory for men. 29) The role of effect of smoking in South Korea also needs to be considered.…”

Section: Sociocultural Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Smoking in South Korea: A Narrative Review

et al. 2020

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“…Korea is filled with social and cultural symbols legitimising smoking if not actually encouraging it. Compulsory two years of military service for Korean males partly facilitated smoking by giving either free and duty-free cigarettes, or an allowance until 2009 (Kim, Son, & Nam, 2005;Allem, Ayers, Irvin, Hofstetter, & Hovell, 2012). Society-wide and military pressure to conform to social norms is reinforced by Confucian culture where harmony and hierarchy are valued (Schwekendiek, 2016), and it is the relationships of the person to others that determine people's behaviour rather than their personal wishes or attributes (Markus & Kitayama, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Qualitative Study of Attitudes towards Smoking and Anti-Smoking Measures among Korean Male Smokers in Australia

Choi¹,

Banwell²

2017

GJHS

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The study aims to explore how Korean male smokers living in Australia talk and feel about smoking and how they have understood and experienced tobacco control policies in Australia-including price increase, display ban, plain packaging, and graphic warning labels. A qualitative study was conducted based on in-depth face-to-face interviews with 8 Korean male smokers aged 23-40 years living in Canberra. Participants discussed social and cultural conditions in Korea under which smoking is practiced and maintained. Smoking as a means of socialising and relaxation were consistently discussed as the main reasons for continued smoking which was deeply embedded in their everyday lives as habit or part of routines. The health risks of smoking were not among the immediate or ultimate considerations influencing participants. Participants commented that price increases had affected them most but other measures had little impact on their smoking behaviours, although they acknowledged their potentials in deterring younger people. Future anti-smoking interventions in Korea should address the significant social and cultural determinants of smoking and acknowledge smokers' own understanding of their smoking and anti-smoking measures. Appreciating smokers' diverse representations of their own smoking and their attitudes towards health and anti-smoking measures would increase acceptance of policies and the probability that they will be successful, leading to positive outcomes.

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“…Men in Korea typically become smokers during mandatory military service and continue to smoke throughout adulthood [1, 2]. Thus, the rates of smoking among men in Korea have been high hovering around 50% [3] and male immigrants from this country smoke at higher rates (30-36%) [4-6] than the general U.S. male population (22%) [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Culturally Adapted Smoking Cessation Intervention for Korean Americans: A Mediating Effect of Perceived Family Norm Toward Quitting

Kim

Fang

et al. 2014

J Immigrant Minority Health

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Background Korean men and women have the highest current smoking rates across all Asian ethnic subgroups in the United States. Methods This is a 2-arm randomized controlled study of a culturally adapted smoking cessation intervention. The experimental condition received eight weekly 40-minute individualized counseling sessions that incorporated Korean-specific cultural elements, whereas the control condition received eight weekly 10-minute individualized counseling sessions that were not culturally adapted. All participants also received nicotine patches for 8 weeks. Results One-hundred nine Korean immigrants (91 men and 18 women) participated in the study. The rate of biochemically verified 12-month prolonged abstinence was significantly higher for the experimental condition than the control condition (38.2% vs. 11.1%, χ2 = 10.7, p < 0.01). Perceived family norm significantly mediated the effect of cessation intervention on abstinence. Discussion Smoking cessation intervention for Korean Americans should be culturally adapted and involve family members to produce a long-term treatment effect.

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South Korean Military Service Promotes Smoking: A Quasi-Experimental Design

Cited by 16 publications

References 26 publications

Cigarette Smoking in South Korea: A Narrative Review

Cigarette Smoking in South Korea: A Narrative Review

A Qualitative Study of Attitudes towards Smoking and Anti-Smoking Measures among Korean Male Smokers in Australia

A Culturally Adapted Smoking Cessation Intervention for Korean Americans: A Mediating Effect of Perceived Family Norm Toward Quitting

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