“…Examples for direct measures include intellectual and practical tests (e.g., task-based, essay, objective tests, classroom video analysis), and classroom observation instruments (Auletto & Stein, 2020;Gasteiger et al, 2019;Hill et al, 2004;Kersting et al, 2012;König & Kramer, 2016). For indirect measures, self-assessments and questionnaires are utilized in research studies to determine how teachers perceived their MKT (Hill et al, 2005;Mitchell et al, 2014), but their validity can be an issue, particularly with low experienced teachers (Kanwar et al, 1990). Moreover, proxy measures (e.g., math background, teaching experience, teaching degree, competency test results, beliefs about mathematics) are other examples of indirect measures used to assess teachers' MKT.…”