Sources of Variation in Menstrual Blood Loss

Cole, Susan; Billewicz, W. Z.; Thomson, A. M.

doi:10.1097/00006254-197206000-00017

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, several studies have reported a significant inverse correlation between Fe stores and the duration of menstruation (49)(50)(51) . In addition, a number of studies in European women have shown a skewed distribution in menstrual blood losses (49,(52)(53)(54) : while median menstrual loss was about 30 ml, equivalent to a daily Fe loss of 0?45 mg, 25 % had a loss exceeding 0?85 mg/d and 5 % had a loss exceeding 1?75 mg/d. It is suggested that a fraction of women have Fe requirements substantially above mean values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron intake does not significantly correlate with iron deficiency among young Japanese women: a cross-sectional study

Asakura

Sasaki

Murakami

et al. 2009

Public Health Nutr.

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Objectives: We evaluated the association of nutrient intake with Fe deficiency with regard to lifestyle factors and health condition in young Japanese women. Uniquely among developed countries, dietary habits render Japanese populations vulnerable to Fe deficiency, owing to their relatively low intake of Fe and high intake of Fe absorption inhibitors, such as green tea and soyabeans. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting and subjects: The subjects were 1019 female Japanese dietetic students aged 18-25 years. Dietary habits during the preceding month were assessed using a previously validated, self-administered, diet history questionnaire. Blood analysis was performed to assess body Fe status. Subjects were categorized with Fe deficiency when their serum ferritin levels were ,12 ng/ml. Twenty-nine dietary variables, i.e. intakes of energy, sixteen nutrients including Fe and twelve food groups, were analysed using multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for possible confounders. Results: Of the subjects, 24?5 % were categorized with Fe deficiency. However, no dietary factors assessed were significantly associated with Fe deficiency. The risk of Fe deficiency was significantly lower in women with infrequent or no menstrual cycles than in those with regular cycles (OR 5 0?58; 95 % CI 0?34, 1?00) and significantly higher in women with heavy menstrual flow than in women with average flow, albeit that these were self-reported (OR 5 1?83; 95 % CI 1?35, 2?48). Conclusions: These results suggest that dietary habits, including Fe intake, do not significantly correlate with Fe deficiency among young Japanese women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron intake does not significantly correlate with iron deficiency among young Japanese women: a cross-sectional study

Asakura

Sasaki

Murakami

et al. 2009

Public Health Nutr.

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“…It was reported that blood loss could range from a few millilitres to 400 ml per period. There is a marked variation in menstrual blood loss between different women 28,29 , but it is relatively constant in an individual woman throughout fertile life 26 . Since this time, the increased use of oral contraceptives may have reduced average blood losses and hence iron requirements 30 .…”

Section: Considerations Of Assumptions Made In Our Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between red and processed meat consumption and iron intakes and status among British adults

Gibson¹,

Ashwell

2003

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To examine the association between consumption of red and processed meat (RPM) and iron intakes and status in adults. Design: Further analysis of the Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults, a cross-sectional study of 2197 adults aged 16 -64 years carried out in 1986/7. Subjects and methods: Adults (836 men and 838 women) with serum ferritin measurements, who were not taking iron supplements, were classified into four groups according to RPM consumption (from 7-day weighed records). Iron absorbed was estimated from equations based on haem and non-haem iron and the influence of iron stores. . Men who ate no RPM also had a higher risk of low iron intake. Using an estimate of minimal values for iron losses, there was a twofold difference in the potential risk of negative iron balance between women non-RPM consumers and high RPM consumers. Status measurements indicated that, among women, anaemia was least prevalent (6%) among high consumers compared with 12 -14% among average RPM consumers. Inverse trends were also observed for serum ferritin in both sexes. Conclusions: Low consumption of RPM has implications for iron intakes and iron status in men and women, since the risk of negative iron balance and its consequences are increased. Dietary messages must consider these implications and provide appropriate advice.

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“…The average blood loss in a Caucasian female population is approximately 30-40 millilitres per menstrual flow (Cole et al 1971;Hallberg et al 1966), the majority of which is lost in the first forty eight hours. Menorrhagia is the commonest cause of iron deficiency anaemia in women in the developed world and occurs in sixty per cent of women with objective menorrhagia.…”

Section: Menorrhagiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Menorrhagia and the Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System

Miheso¹

2012

Hysterectomy

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Sources of Variation in Menstrual Blood Loss

Cited by 16 publications

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Iron intake does not significantly correlate with iron deficiency among young Japanese women: a cross-sectional study

Iron intake does not significantly correlate with iron deficiency among young Japanese women: a cross-sectional study

The association between red and processed meat consumption and iron intakes and status among British adults

Menorrhagia and the Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System

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