Sources of Urban Contemporary Carbon Aerosol

Hildemann, Lynn M.; Klinedinst, Donna B.; Klouda, George A.; Currie, Lloyd A.; Cass, Glen R.

doi:10.1021/es00058a006

Cited by 154 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…non-fossil fuel) carbon? 349,350 Determination of the molecular form of nitrogen oxides on surfaces and their chemical and photochemical reactions, and lifetimes, particularly those involved in the formation of HONO.…”

Section: Future Needs and Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactions at surfaces in the atmosphere: integration of experiments and theory as necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) for predicting the physical chemistry of aerosols

Finlayson-Pitts

2009

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

228

279

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Section: Future Needs and Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactions at surfaces in the atmosphere: integration of experiments and theory as necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) for predicting the physical chemistry of aerosols

Finlayson-Pitts

2009

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

228

279

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“…Analysis of 14C in Snow Particles with AMS Clayton et al (1955) Hildemann et al 1994). This For a feasibility study, two urban snow samples were analyzed for 14C.…”

Section: Particle Separation From Snowmentioning

confidence: 99%

AMS and Microprobe Analysis of Combusted Particles in Ice and Snow

Biegalski¹,

Currie

Fletcher

et al. 1997

Radiocarbon

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ABSTRACT. Ice cores and snow pits of the cryosphere contain particles that detail the history of past atmospheric air compositions. Some of these particles result from combustion processes and have undergone long-range transport to arrive in the Arctic. Recent research has focused on the separation of particulate matter from ice and snow, as well as the subsequent analysis of the separated particles for 14C with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and for individual particle compositions with laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA). The very low particulate concentrations in Arctic samples make these measurements a challenge. The first task is to separate the particles from the ice core. Two major options exist to accomplish this separation. One option is to melt the ice and then filter the meltwater. A second option is to sublimate the ice core directly, depositing the particles onto a surface. This work demonstrates that greater control is obtained through sublimation. A suite of analytical methods has been used for the measurement of the carbon in snow and ice. Total carbon was analyzed with a carbon/nitrogen/hydrogen (CHN) analyzer. AMS was used for the determination of carbon isotopes. Since source identification of the carbonaceous particles is of primary importance here, the use of LAMMA was incorporated to link individual particle molecular-structural patterns to the same group of particles that were measured by the other techniques. Prior to this study, neither AMS nor LAMMA had been applied to particles contained in snow. This paper discusses the development and limitations of the methodology required to make these measurements.

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“…[12] Studies from Los Angeles and Denver in the 1980s and 1990s showed that TC may originate from fossil sources by up to >70% in large U.S. cities. [16,17] Zurich and Gothenburg as European urban sites show smaller fossil contributions of ~50%, [14,15,22] which are only slightly higher than for most of the investigated European rural sites. [22,30,31] During summer, EC is nearly exclusively of fossil origin with soot production from all kinds of diesel engines as the most important source.…”

Section: Fossil-fuel Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…For a long time, aerosol samples were prepared for 14 C measurement exclusively by total combustion of air filters, [12,16,17] as this is, in general, a preferential technique for 14 C analysis due to its simplicity. At the start of the work in the laboratory at University of Bern, the idea of source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols differentiated into OC and EC made necessary several analytical and technical developments:…”

Section: General Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiocarbon Analysis of Carbonaceous Aerosols: Recent Developments

Szidat¹

2009

Chimia

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Carbonaceous aerosols are a major fraction of airborne particulate matter. They contribute to climate and health effects of the total aerosol burden of the atmosphere by counteracting the current trend of global warming and inducing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, respectively. In spite of this general importance, only little is known about composition and sources of carbonaceous aerosols. Analysis of the long-lived radioactive isotope 14 C (radiocarbon) is a unique source apportionment tool: it unambiguously separates fossil from non-fossil sources, as 14 C has completely decayed in fossil fuels, whereas modern materials have the contemporary radiocarbon level. A novel separation method was developed for the direct determination of 14 C in organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), two sub-fractions of total carbon (TC). The implementation of a gas ion source for measurement with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) made 14 C analysis more simple and robust. Based on this technique, all major contributions to the carbonaceous aerosol can be identified, which originate from fossil-fuel, biomass-burning and biogenic emissions. A survey of results from different field campaigns is shown.

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Sources of Urban Contemporary Carbon Aerosol

Cited by 154 publications

References 23 publications

Reactions at surfaces in the atmosphere: integration of experiments and theory as necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) for predicting the physical chemistry of aerosols

Reactions at surfaces in the atmosphere: integration of experiments and theory as necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) for predicting the physical chemistry of aerosols

AMS and Microprobe Analysis of Combusted Particles in Ice and Snow

Radiocarbon Analysis of Carbonaceous Aerosols: Recent Developments

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