Sources of tritium

Phillips, J. E.; Easterly, C.E.

doi:10.2172/6867774

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…It is interesting to compare the level of projected tritium releases from fusion with the releases from other nuclear installations. As can be seen in Table IV, the expected releases from fusion plants are higher than those from Light Water Reactors (LWRs) but lower .9 X 10 14 8.9 X 10 16 7.4 X 10 14…”

Section: Routine Releasesmentioning

confidence: 94%

Safety aspects of fusion

Kazimi¹

1984

Nucl. Fusion

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The safety aspects of fusion have been attracting increasing attention in the research and development programmes of various countries. The paper summarizes the results of the safety investigations of recent years. The expected inventories of tritium and activation products in fusion reactors are defined. The potential for release of radioactivity under operational and accident conditions is reviewed. Concerns regarding accidents with coolant transients, plasma disruptions and chemical reactions of breeder materials are discussed. The public impact of the expected radioactivity releases of fusion reactors is defined in relation to nuclear fission plant conditions. The total risk to society from fusion energy is compared with the risk from alternative power sources.

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Section: Routine Releasesmentioning

confidence: 94%

Safety aspects of fusion

Kazimi¹

1984

Nucl. Fusion

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“…There are many mechanisms, both intentional and unintentional, that produce 3 H in nuclear reactors. 21,22 If the purpose of the reactor is to generate electrical energy, then the goal is generally to minimize tritium production. However, a certain degree of tritium production is inevitable, and it is impossible to completely contain tritium within the reactor system.…”

Section: Hydrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear Fuels and Reprocessing Technologies: A U.S. Perspective

Fredrickson

Yoo

2021

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Reprocessing and/or waste management issues are of concern to the "back end" of the nuclear fuel cycle. Of course, there are a great many "nuclear fuel cycle" scenarios to consider; if not in practice, then at least in theory. The simplest conceptually is the "once through" fuel cycle in which the spent fuel is discarded. The more complex fuel cycle scenarios involve reprocessing spent nuclear fuels and a family of nuclear reactor technologies to accommodate burning and breeding for various military and commercial needs. Therefore, the selection of a specific "fuel cycle" is what ultimately imposes the engineering requirements of the reprocessing and waste management technologies. No one part is independent of the other parts in a fuel cycle flowsheet; all parts should be fully integrated. This paper presents a summary of nuclear chemistry processes, nuclear reactor technologies, associated nuclear fuel types, and the reprocessing technologies that serve the different nuclear fuel types. Comprehending how this series of topics are related to each other is a prerequisite to understanding the requirements of any reprocessing strategy. The summary materials presented here are selective, as opposed to comprehensive. More detailed information on any one subject can be found in the reference materials.

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“…Tritium only emits low-energy beta radiation up to a maximum energy of 18.591 ± 0.059 keV [4], existing naturally in the environment as a product of the interaction of cosmic rays with the atmosphere. However, since the advent of nuclear technology, more significant quantities of tritium have been produced through the operation of nuclear fission reactors and subsequent waste operations and reprocessing, nuclear weapons testing [5], and particle accelerators [6], allowing its release into the environment. A recent example of such a release was the Fukushima disaster, which, as reported in 2020, was producing 55,000 to 80,000 m 3 of tritiated water a year at an average activity of 1000 Bq/cm 3 [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laminated Flow-Cell Detector with Granulated Scintillator for the Detection of Tritiated Water

Dixon,

Monk,

Graham

et al. 2023

Radiation

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Nuclear sites require regular measurements of the air, soil, and groundwater to ensure the safety of the surrounding environment from potentially hazardous levels of contamination. Although high-energy beta and gamma emitters can often be detected instantly using fixed dosimeters, the detection of low-energy beta emitters is a difficult challenge, especially in groundwater, as its radiation is easily self-absorbed by the surrounding medium. Therefore, it is common practice to sample groundwater and transfer it to a laboratory for analysis using Liquid Scintillation Counting. This work demonstrates a new detector design for the real-time monitoring of tritiated water, a weak beta emitter. This design utilizes a flow cell filled with a granulated scintillator to maximize the surface area of the sample. The cavity is made from plastic sheets, which allow rapid manufacture using readily available lamination sheets. A column of SiPMs in coincidence counting mode has been implemented to reduce noise and allow future extensions to the flow cell for greater detection rates while allowing the detector to fit within limited spaces such as groundwater monitoring boreholes. Using multiple concentrations of tritiated water, this detector has been validated and calibrated, obtaining a minimum detection activity of 26.356 ± 0.889 Bq/mL for a 1-day counting period.

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Sources of tritium

Cited by 17 publications

References 14 publications

Safety aspects of fusion

Safety aspects of fusion

Nuclear Fuels and Reprocessing Technologies: A U.S. Perspective

Laminated Flow-Cell Detector with Granulated Scintillator for the Detection of Tritiated Water

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