Sources of reports of visual and auditory sensations in perceptual-isolation experiments.

Zuckerman, Marvin; Cohen, Nathan

doi:10.1037/h0048599

Cited by 68 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…On the other hand, Zubek and associates (1961Zubek and associates ( , 1964aZubek and associates ( , 1964b) obtained a very low incidence of such reports when subjects were required to wait until the end of the experiment before reporting. The role of set and expectancy has been elucidated in studies by Murphy et al (1963), Jackson and Kelly (1962), Pollard et al (1963), and Zuckerman and Cohen (1964), among others. The power and importance of suggestion should not be underestimated; countermeasures in the form of education and discussions should be considered.…”

Section: Visual Imagery and Hallucinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is undoubtedly responsible for the reports of visual sensations and hallucinations in the perceptual deprivation situation (Zuckerman and Cohen, 1964). The appearance of dreams and other strong visual imagery reflects the activity of the cell assemblies that are involved in the storage of perceptual hypotheses.…”

Section: Factors Encouraging Subjective Experiencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zuckerman and Cohen (1964) have grouped the reported events into two general categories: (a) those that are relatively simple and lacking in meaning, including uninterpreted diffuse light, diffuse forms interpreted as clouds or smoke, and recognizable geometric forms and (b) those that are complex, meaningful, and animated, such as seeing "a procession of squirrels with sacks over their shoulders marching purposefully" (Bexton et al, 1954).…”

Section: Visual Imagery and Hallucinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Factors in Long-Duration Spaceflight

1972

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Council with the express approval of the Governing Board of the NRC. Such approval indicated that the Board considered that the problem is of national significance, that elucidation of the problem required scientific or technical competence, and that the resources of NRC were particularly suitable to the conduct of the project. The institutional responsibilities of the NRC were then discharged in the following manner:The members of the study committee were selected for their individual scholarly competence and judgment, with due consideration for the balance and breadth of disciplines. Responsibility for all aspects of this report rests with the study committee, to whom we express our sincere appreciation.Although the reports of our study committees are not submitted for approval to the Academy membership nor to the Council, each report is reviewed by a second group of scientists according to procedures established and monitored by the Academy's Report Review Committee. Such reviews are intended to determine, inter alia, whether the major questions and relevant points of view have been addressed and whether the reported findings, conclusions, and recommendations arose from the available data and information. Distribution of the report is permitted only after satisfactory completion of this review process.PRECEDlliG PAGES__D NOT FILMED

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Section: Visual Imagery and Hallucinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors Encouraging Subjective Experiencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Visual Imagery and Hallucinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Factors in Long-Duration Spaceflight

1972

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“…However, it has become clear that the definition of a hallucination employed in this and most of the other early studies was fairly loose and included many kinds of perceptual and imagery experiences. Zuckerman & Cohen (1964) carried out a systematic survey of approximately 40 sensory deprivation studies in which adequate and clear information had been provided concerning the nature of hallucinatory-like reports. They opted to use the more neutral terminology of Murphy et al (1962), who refer to such visual experiences as 'reported visual sensations' (RVS) and such auditory experiences as 'reported auditory sensations' (RAS).…”

Section: Hallucinations In Normal Individualsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hallucinations

Slade¹

1976

Psychol. Med.

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EDITORIAL HallucinationsHallucinatory phenomena were recognized as long ago as the 4th century by Macarus and, until fairly recent times, were generally credited with occult significance which gave rise to a belief in the magical powers of the percipient. Such experiences have had a considerable effect on the lives of the hallucinators -the hysterical crisis of Paul (who saw Jesus in a vision) was instrumental in his acceptance of the new faith; Socrates had his 'daemon' which warned and guided him from within; while Joan of Arc's visions and voices played a memorable role in altering the course of history. But it was the decline of the demoniacal model during the 18th and 19th centuries and its replacement by the medical model in the realm of insanity which led to a more objective evaluation of hallucinatory significance and an increasing concern with phenomenology and definition.The definition of a true hallucination has posed problems, both of inclusion and exclusion. On the one hand, observers have been keen to reach agreement on a set of positive defining criteria, while on the other to distinguish true hallucinations from similar kinds of non-veridical perceptual experience. The latter concern has given rise to the differentiation of true hallucinations from illusion (Esquirol, 1838), from pseudohallucinations (Kandinsky, 1885), from hypnagogic images (Maury, 1848) and from a large variety of other types of mental imagery. Horowitz (1970) has proposed that various kinds of hallucinatory and imagery experiences can be distinguished and classified on four dimensions: in terms of their vividness, the context in which they occur, their content, and the degree of interaction with veridical perception.From the viewpoint of positive defining criteria of a true hallucination, three such criteria would probably be considered essential by modern observers: namely (1) percept-like experience in the absence of an external stimulus, (2) percept-like experience which has the full force and impact of a real perception, and (3) percept-like experience which is unwilled, occurs spontaneously and cannot be readily controlled by the percipient. Each of these three criteria also serves to differentiate a true hallucination from other types of similar experience. The criterion of'absence of an external basis' is an obvious one and has been included in nearly every definition of the phenomenon since Esquirol. It serves to separate the different experiences of hallucination and illusion. The second criterion concerning the realistic nature of the experience has gained prominence in recent times. Jaspers (1911, 1963) distinguished true hallucinations from imagery and pseudo-hallucinations on the grounds that the latter occur in 'inner subjective space' while the former have an objective reality of their own. Sedman (1966) used similar criteria in distinguishing 'inner voices' which are a form of pseudohallucination from those that can be considered true hallucinations. In a series of recent phenomenological studies, Aggernaes (...

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“…While the ori gin of psychological research on feedback lies in theories of sensory deprivation and its effects on human behavior, research on feedback has net been limited to this area alone. The effect of feedback on performance has been studied in other areas of psychology such as teaching and academic performance (e.g., Vanhoute, Hill, & Parsons, 1975;Wallace, Horan, Baker, & Hudson, 1975), as well as in the areas of perception (e.g., Ames, 1951;Zuckerman & Cohen, 1964) and industrial psychology (e.g., Kim & Hamner, 1976).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Employee information environments and job satisfaction: a closer look

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Sources of reports of visual and auditory sensations in perceptual-isolation experiments.

Cited by 68 publications

References 46 publications

Human Factors in Long-Duration Spaceflight

Human Factors in Long-Duration Spaceflight

Hallucinations

Employee information environments and job satisfaction: a closer look

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