Sources of Nitroaromatic Mutagens in Atmospheric Polycyclic Organic Matter

Gibson, Thomas L.

doi:10.1080/00022470.1986.10466141

“…Measurements of nitro-PaH at industrial and remote sites showed that 1nitropyrene concentrations were higher at the most remote site (Bermuda) than at sites near industrial sources in Michigan (Gibson, 1986). The ratio of B[a]P to TSP at sites near the sources were considerably higher than B[a]P/TSP ratios at the distant sources which indicates the importance of the transformation reactions of B[a]P during transport.…”

Section: -10mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…radiation (Fatiadi, 1967). Indeed, such reactions contribute to the uncertainty that arises during ambient air or process sampling of PAH, since the species identified in the collected sample can correspond to a product formed by degradation of the sampled PAH (Brorstroem-Lunden et al, 1985), or by chemical transformation via 2-17 atmospheric reactions with oxygen, ozone, NO^and SO^and nitric acid (Gibson, 1986).…”

Section: Chemical Reactivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it must be noted that chemical transformation of PAH may render the use of the same PAH/TSP ratio in sources as in ambient measurements to be strictly inappropriate. For example, the B[a]P/TSP ratios near PAH industrial and urban sources were between 5 and 66 ug/g, while at remote sites, the ratio was 0.3 to 0.6 ug/g (Gibson, 1986). Analogous ratios for 1nitropyrene were lower at urban/industrial sites (0.2 to 0.6 ug/g) than at the remote sites (0.5) (Gitson, 1986).…”

Section: -23mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons : sources, fate and levels in air, water, soil, sediments, sludge and food in Ontario

1992

1

0

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This report covers a review of literature information on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), primarily in Ontario. Specifically, this report deals with chemical and physical properties of PAH as well as the sources, inputs and fate of PAH to the environment. Good, reliable data for PAH physical properties are scarce. For example, recorded vapour pressure data frequently range over several orders of magnitude and solubility data in solvents other than water are often nonexistent. Similarily, reliable, chemical reactivity data are equally scarce. The report discusses the sources and input to the environment by compiling the emission factors and profiles for point and non-point sources in Ontario. Based on the atmospheric emissions inventory for these compounds, it is estimated that the major PAH sources to the atmosphere are: o Gasoline and diesel fuelled vehicles o Forest fires o Woodburning stoves and fireplaces These three sources contribute approximately 97% of the estimated 260 MT/y of total PAH atmospheric emissions in Ontario. The remaining contributions are primarily from industrial operations (including coke manufacturing, coal-fired thermal generation stations and incinerators) and residential, commercial and institutional heating. The estiamted total PAH emission is believed to be uncertain by a factor of about two, because of data limitations. The emission factors for PAH that are major contributors to the total PAH from these sources are summarized in Table ES-1. Phenanthrene and its methyl derivatives, pyrene, anthracene and its methyl derivatives and benzo[a]pyrene are the most ubiquitous based on the number of entries in the Table. On the other hand, benzo[k]f!uoranthene is only recorded once; so too, are perylene, fluorene, dibenz[a]anthracene and its methyl derivatives and benzo[e]pyrene. Whereas, it was noted that benzo[k]fluoranthene was produced at a relatively high concentration in coke oven emissions, the information obtained during the study provided no guide regarding potential PAH source markers. Indeed, this review discoverd no recorded unambiguous procedure for identifying chemical markers that could be clearly attributed to a specific source. The report also discusses sources and inputs to water and soil, and it is estimated that nearly 75% of the PAH loadings to soil and water arise from rainfall; the remaining inputs are from industrial discharges, including water pollution control plants, and there is also a significant contribution to water arising from urban run off (10-15%). PAH that are most persistent and frequently detected at relatively high concentration in water include benz[a]anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and pyrene in treated discharge from water treatment plants, based on an extensive study carried out on 37 high flow rate plants. Similarly, sludges produced from these facilities also showed higher levels of acenaphthylene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, compared to the other PAH detected.

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“…Levels of 1,6-dinitropyrene ranged from 0.026 pg/m3 to 7.5 pg/m3 in various U.S. industrial, urban, and suburban areas (14). Levels of 1,6-dinitropyrene ranged from 0.026 pg/m3 to 7.5 pg/m3 in various U.S. industrial, urban, and suburban areas (14).…”

Section: Environmental Health Perspectives * Vol 104 Supplement 5 * mentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Nitro-PAHs and Related Environmental Compounds: Biological Markers of Exposure and Effects

Talaska¹,

Underwood²,

Maier³

et al. 1996

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Lung cancer caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs and related environmental agents is a major problem in industrialized nations. The high case-fatality rate of the disease, even with the best supportive treatment, underscores the importance of primary lung cancer prevention. Development of biomarkers of exposure and effects to PAHs and related compounds is now underway and includes measurement of urinary metabolites of specific PAHs as well as detection of protein and DNA adducts as indicators of effective dose. Validation of these markers in terms of total environmental dose requires that concurrent measures of air levels and potential dermal exposure be made. In addition, the interrelationships between PAH biomarkers must be determined, particularly when levels of the marker in surrogate molecules (e.g., protein) or markers from surrogate tissues (e.g., lymphocyte DNA) are used to assess the risk to the target organ, the lung. Two approaches to biomarker studies will be reviewed in this article: the progress made using blood lymphocytes as surrogates for lung tissues and the progress made developing noninvasive markers of carcinogen-DNA adduct levels in lung-derived cells available in bronchial-alveolar lavage and in sputum. Data are presented from studies in which exfoliated urothelial cells were used as a surrogate tissue to assess exposure to human urinary bladder carcinogens in occupational groups.

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“…Levels of 1,6-dinitropyrene ranged from 0.026 pg/m3 to 7.5 pg/m3 in various U.S. industrial, urban, and suburban areas (14). Organic extracts from coastal sediments off the shore of Barcelona contained 1-nitropyrene, 6-nitrochrysene, and 6-nitrobenzo [a] pyrene (15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs and related environmental compounds: biological markers of exposure and effects.

Talaska

¹

,

Underwood

²

,

Maier

³

et al. 1996

Environ Health Perspect

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Lung cancer caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs and related environmental agents is a major problem in industrialized nations. The high case-fatality rate of the disease, even with the best supportive treatment, underscores the importance of primary lung cancer prevention. Development of biomarkers of exposure and effects to PAHs and related compounds is now underway and includes measurement of urinary metabolites of specific PAHs as well as detection of protein and DNA adducts as indicators of effective dose. Validation of these markers in terms of total environmental dose requires that concurrent measures of air levels and potential dermal exposure be made. In addition, the interrelationships between PAH biomarkers must be determined, particularly when levels of the marker in surrogate molecules (e.g., protein) or markers from surrogate tissues (e.g., lymphocyte DNA) are used to assess the risk to the target organ, the lung. Two approaches to biomarker studies will be reviewed in this article: the progress made using blood lymphocytes as surrogates for lung tissues and the progress made developing noninvasive markers of carcinogen-DNA adduct levels in lung-derived cells available in bronchial-alveolar lavage and in sputum. Data are presented from studies in which exfoliated urothelial cells were used as a surrogate tissue to assess exposure to human urinary bladder carcinogens in occupational groups. Environ Health Perspect 104(Suppl 5): 901-906 (1996)

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Sources of Nitroaromatic Mutagens in Atmospheric Polycyclic Organic Matter

Cited by 21 publications

References 8 publications

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons : sources, fate and levels in air, water, soil, sediments, sludge and food in Ontario

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons : sources, fate and levels in air, water, soil, sediments, sludge and food in Ontario

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Nitro-PAHs and Related Environmental Compounds: Biological Markers of Exposure and Effects

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs and related environmental compounds: biological markers of exposure and effects.

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