“…In the Archaean and Proterozoic oceans, ε Nd (t) values (which describe the deviation of the 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ratio measured in a sample relative to the 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ratio in a chondritic uniform reservoir at time t and in parts per 10 4 ) are estimated to have been +1 to +2 for deep waters dominated by hydrothermal sources, whereas values down to -3 would have been typical of shallow-waters dominated by terrestrial sources (Miller and O'Nions, 1985;PimentelKlose, 1988a, 1988b;Alexander et al, 2008). The relative contribution of continentally-sourced versus mantle-sourced REE+Y, discussed in more detail in the next section, has been estimated using Ce and Nd isotope compositions Wasserburg, 1980, Bau et al, 1997;Shimizu et al, 1990;Alexander et al, 2008;2009;Viehmann et al, 2015). In some cases, 138 Ce systematics show that Ce anomalies in IFs are a feature produced by recent hydrothermal events and are not intrinsic to ancient seawater (Hayashi et al, 2004).…”