Sources of iodine and iodine 129 in rivers

Moran, J. E.; Oktay, Sarah; Santschi, Peter H.

doi:10.1029/2001wr000622

Cited by 155 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 49 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

111

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Indeed, analysis of seaweed samples collected in April 2011 from southern California document the presence of 131 I inferred to be from Fukushima (Manley et al, 2012). However, these observations and inferences do not preclude a possible North American 129 I point source that could influence the 129 I content of the CCS, namely the Columbia River (Kilius et al, 1994;Moran et al, 2002 (Patton 2004(Patton , 2009, where 129 I average concentrations range from ∼4.6 × 10 −6 Bq l −1 to ∼1.8 × 10 −6 Bq l −1 . Flow rates at Priest Rapids are approximately 3000 m 3 s −1 (Patton 2004(Patton , 2009) which implies a potential 129 I source function of ∼1.2 to ∼3.1 × 10 23 atoms yr −1 .…”

Section: California Coastal Current 129 Imentioning

confidence: 99%

The 129-iodine content of subtropical Pacific waters: impact of Fukushima and other anthropogenic 129-iodine sources

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract.Results obtained from a dedicated radiochemistry cruise approximately 100 days after the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake and subsequent disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant show that Fukushima derived radionuclides in the nearby ocean environment had penetrated, on average, to ≤ 250 m depth (1026.5 kg m 3 potential density surface). The excess inventory of Fukushima-derived 129 I in the region (∼150 000 km 2 ) sampled during the cruise is estimated to have been between 0.89 and 1.173 billion Bq (∼136 to ∼179 grams) of 129 I. Based on a tight tracer-tracer relation with 134 Cs (or 137 Cs) and estimates that most of the excess cesium is due to direct discharge, we infer that much of the excess 129 I is from direct (non-atmospheric deposition) discharge. After taking into account oceanic transport, we estimate the direct discharge, i.e., that directly released into the ocean, off Fukushima to have been ∼1 kg 129 I. Although this small pulse is dwarfed by the ∼90 kg of weaponstesting-derived 129 I that was released into the environment in the late 1950s and early 1960s, it should be possible to use Fukushima-derived 129 I and other radionuclides (e.g., 134,137 Cs) to study transport and entrainment processes along and across the Kuroshio Current.

show abstract

Section: California Coastal Current 129 Imentioning

confidence: 99%

The 129-iodine content of subtropical Pacific waters: impact of Fukushima and other anthropogenic 129-iodine sources

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Iodine is a relatively rare element in the earths crust averaging around 0.46 ppm and is usually found in minerals as the anion iodate (Greenwood and Ernshaw, 2005). Iodine concentration in seawater averages around 50 mg l 1 and the concentrations in rainfall and river water are usually an order of magnitude lower (Moran et al, 2002). However, much higher concentrations can occur in brines associated with oil fields where concentrations can average 30 000 to 40 000 mg l 1 (Greenwood and Ernshaw, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Iodine exists in a number of oxidation states: 1, 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7. However, it most often occurs in natural waters inorganically in the -1 (iodide) and +5 (iodate) oxidation states which are the most stable thermodynamically (Jones, 1981;Jones and Truesdale, 1984;Truesdale and Jones, 1996;Moran et al, 2002). Iodine can also be present in significant concentrations as organo-iodine in waters and fixed onto humic substances (Warwick et al, 1993;Radlinger and Heumann, 2000;Andersen et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A major proportion of iodine in many surface fresh waters is generally thought to have been derived from the sea via the atmosphere (Moran et al, 2002); the transfer is complex, involving both inorganic and organic components and the processes include sea spray and biogenic production of organo-iodine (Radlinger and Heumann, 2000). Iodine is concentrated in soils, especially organic rich ones, but can be released back to solution under reducing conditions (Muramatsu and Yoshida, 1999;Yuita and Kihou, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dissolved iodine in rainfall, cloud, stream and groundwater in the Plynlimon area of mid-Wales

Neal¹,

Neal²,

Wickham³

et al. 2007

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Iodine concentrations in rainfall, cloud water, throughfall, stemflow, stream water and groundwater are described for the upper River Severn Plynlimon catchments in mid-Wales. Iodine concentrations average 1.55 mg l 1 in rainfall while the corresponding averages of iodine concentrations in cloud water, throughfall and stemflow iodine concentrations are three to eight times higher. For the atmospheric inputs, there are both marine and anthropogenic sources while, for stemflow and throughfall, humic substances may be a dominant component. The average concentrations in the streams and groundwaters vary between 1.00 to 4.22 mg l 1 and 0.57 to 8.51 mg l 1 , respectively. The higher averages are for waters associated with gley soils that are high in dissolved organic carbon (DOC). For the streams draining forested catchments, iodine concentrations have increased over time, probably due to wetting up of the soils because of reduction in transpiration as the trees are maturing and felling activities. The increases vary between 0.025±0.003 and 0.044±0.010 mg l 1 per year and are associated partly with an increase in DOC concentration: adjusted for the effect of DOC, the increases range between 0.013±0.003 and 0.023±0.009 mg l 1 per year. For the moorland areas, no such trend is observed but the value is lower. For most of the Plynlimon catchments, a net uptake of iodine of around 40% is lower for streams draining gley soils with even a net export for the smaller streams. Within the streams, iodine concentrations are highly correlated with DOC and there is an annual cycle of iodine and DOC concentration change, with maxima between July and November. For the groundwaters, a loss of iodine and DOC relative to the streams probably reflects within catchment losses in the lower inorganic soils and bedrock areas. However, in one case, groundwater iodine concentrations were relatively high and this coincided with high DOC concentrations.

show abstract

“…Moreover, most of the research to date is theoretical and calculated through models with many inherent assumptions that may or may not be applicable. Aside from the interest in atmospheric chemistry, rainfall is thought to be one of the major contributors (the other is rock weathering [Moran et al, 2002]) to terrestrial iodine levels and may therefore be a direct influence on the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders. As such, our aim with this communication is to shed some light on the final atmospheric iodine sink by analyzing iodine speciation in precipitation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine speciation in rain and snow: Implications for the atmospheric iodine sink

Gilfedder

Petri²,

Biester

2007

J. Geophys. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

[1] Atmospheric iodine models currently predict iodate as the only stable iodine sink species in the troposphere. However, it is shown here using ion chromatograph inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (IC-ICP-MS) that iodate is the least abundant iodine species in precipitation (rain and snow) collected from various locations in southern Germany, the Swiss Alps, and Patagonia (Chile). The majority of iodine is associated with organic compounds (average 56%) followed by iodide (average 27%). Although the exact structure of the organic fraction remains ambiguous and is probably of higher molecular weight, a smaller portion of the iodo-organic compounds are anionic (5-20% of total I). One of these anionic organo-I peaks is present in all rain and most snow chromatograms and is generally responsible for 5-18% of total iodine. This suggests a ubiquitous atmospheric iodine species. The data indicate that organic iodine compounds play an important role in the global atmospheric iodine cycle and the atmospheric iodine sink. As such, future tropospheric iodine models must consider organic-I reactions.Citation: Gilfedder, B. S., M. Petri, and H. Biester (2007), Iodine speciation in rain and snow: Implications for the atmospheric iodine sink,

show abstract

Sources of iodine and iodine 129 in rivers

Cited by 155 publications

References 49 publications

The 129-iodine content of subtropical Pacific waters: impact of Fukushima and other anthropogenic 129-iodine sources

The 129-iodine content of subtropical Pacific waters: impact of Fukushima and other anthropogenic 129-iodine sources

Dissolved iodine in rainfall, cloud, stream and groundwater in the Plynlimon area of mid-Wales

Iodine speciation in rain and snow: Implications for the atmospheric iodine sink

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About