Sources of injustice among individuals with persistent pain following musculoskeletal injury

Measuring Stigma in Chronic Pain: Preliminary Investigation of Instrument Psychometrics, Correlates, and Magnitude of Change in a Prospective Cohort Attending Interdisciplinary Treatment

“…11,16 Evidence from interview studies suggests that people with chronic pain feel their pain is not understood by others, including friends, family, employers, healthcare practitioners, and society at large. 33,53 Moreover, experimental studies show that lay observers and healthcare professionals underestimate the pain of others and devalue their personal attributes when pain occurs in the absence of a medical explanation. 12,13 Despite the clear relevance of stigma few studies have directly investigated it in relation to chronic pain outcomes.…”

Reductions in Perceived Injustice are Associated With Reductions in Disability and Depressive Symptoms After Total Knee Arthroplasty

“…The relation between perceived injustice and depressive symptoms is reflected in the item-content of measures of depressive symptoms (i.e., "I feel I am being punished" (BDI-II, item 6)" [38]. Additionally, punitive and invalidating responses of others to one's suffering have been discussed as important contributors to psychological distress [39][40][41][42], and have been identified as important contributors to perceived injustice in individuals with chronic pain [43]. Future research is needed to explore the processes by which reductions in depressive symptomatology lead to reductions in perceived injustice.…”

Implications of parent and child injustice appraisals for child pain and functional outcomes

“…The conception of an injustice is first and foremost subjective in nature. The point at which pain might be interpreted in this way will be influenced by various factors that may occur singly or in combination, such as whether an external agent is considered responsible for the onset of pain, how effectively pain is managed medically and whether adequate support is received from relevant others [5].…”