Sources of Information Which Affect Training and Raising of Heart Rate

Bergman, Joel S.; Johnson, Harold J.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1972.tb00740.x

Cited by 59 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In our study, instructions admittedly differed from those used in most studies of instructional set (12,13). Monotonous and repetitious, they may have been more forceful and suggestive, thus serving as a more potent and direct stimulus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…A direct and specific response to the literal meaning of the instructions is not likely, while the intervention of associative imagery is suggested by interview data. Whatever the mechanism, the influence of instructional set on cardiovascular performance in the feedback paradigm has been demonstrated by other data (10)(11)(12)31). Whether mere awareness of the physiologic task at hand influences success has not been studied systematically, to our knowledge.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Such data indicate that instruction, and directional task awareness may play a major confounding role in the assessment of the efficacy of external feedback. Bergman and Johnson (11,12) have explored this question in relation to heart-rate control. Significant changes occurred appropriate to directional instructions in the absence of feedback, while the addition of feedback did not seem to augment the response to instruction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood Pressure and Heart-Rate Response to Verbal Instruction and Relaxation in Hypertension

Redmond

Gaylor²,

McDonald³

et al. 1974

Psychosomatic Medicine

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Recent data have suggested that instructional set and task awareness may play a substantial role in the achievement of directional changes in blood pressure associated with "operant conditioning" techniques. Six hypertensive patients were instructed alternately to raise (UP) and lower (DOWN) their blood pressure by concentrating on changing "heart rate, force of contraction, and blood vessel resistance to flow." Paired 10 min periods were separated by the experimenter's entry and exit. Five of the subjects were taught progressive muscular relaxation (PMR), and the protocol repeated, with PMR induced throughout this session. The immediate cardiovascular response to PMR, induced in both the presence and absence of the experimenter, was studied. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured every 30 sec in all sessions. Direction of changes in BP and HR for UP and DOWN periods was appropriate and significant in both instruction sessions, and these differences for BP frequently reached significant levels of magnitude. In general, interactions for HR did not reach significant levels. Comparison of the two sessions yielded little difference between them. PMR uniformly lowered BP and HR, but was of significant magnitude only when induction of PMR involved the active participation of the experimenter. Interview data revealed considerable dramatic mental imagery associated with directional shifts in BP. The results indicate that directional instruction may result in appropriate changes in BP and HR of a magnitude comparable to those reported in studies using "external biofeedback." PMR did not alter the response. This study adds to other data which point to the potential for nonspecific or "placebo" effects to be operative in conditioning studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Blood Pressure and Heart-Rate Response to Verbal Instruction and Relaxation in Hypertension

Redmond

Gaylor²,

McDonald³

et al. 1974

Psychosomatic Medicine

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“…Also, their no-feedback but instructed group failed to exhibit any HR control at all. Bergman and Johnson (1972) and Stephens et al, among others, have shown that instructions constitute a sufficient condition for control of HR. One possible explanation is that Blanchard et al were using paid subjects and daily sessions which may have reduced subject motivation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of Binary and Proportional Feedback on Bidirectional Control of Heart Rate

Colgan

1977

Psychophysiology

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Six male and 6 female volunteers formed three groups of 4 subjects in a study on the efficacy of different forms of visual feedback on control of heart rate (HR). One group received proportional feedback from a meter plus a binary success signal, one group received only proportional feedback, and one group received only the binary signal. Subjects received 6 acquisition sessions and 4 extinction sessions. For HR increase, groups receiving proportional feedback showed mean control over the last 2 acquisition sessions of +10 bpm, whereas the group receiving only binary feedback showed control of +4 bpm. For HR decrease, both groups receiving proportional feedback showed mean control over the last 2 acquisition sessions of ‐4 bpm, whereas the group receiving only binary feedback showed negligible control. During extinction there was no immediate reduction hi control of either HR increase or HR decrease but both declined over extinction sessions. Results indicate that proportional feedback is clearly superior to binary feedback, and that the addition of a binary signal to proportional feedback does not reliably enhance control. Results are consistent with an operant conditioning interpretation of feedback control.

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“…Recently, investigators interested in human operant heart-rate conditioning have begun examining the role of an individual's proprioceptive awareness of automatic functioning in acquiring control over heart-rate changes (e.g., Bergman & Johnson, 1971;Blanchard, Young, & McLeod, 1972;McFarland, 1975;Sirota, Schwartz, & Shapiro, 1974). Other operant heart-rate conditioning studies have been reported in which an individual's awareness of the response-reinforcement contingencies has been examined by manipulating instructional set (e.g., Bergman & Johnson, 1972;McCanne & Sandman, 1975a). The latter studies have indicated that subjects informed of the specific reinforcement contingencies are able to produce larger operant heart-rate accelerations than subjects who are not informed of the contingencies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Proprioceptive awareness, information about response-reinforcement contingencies, and operant heart-rate control

McCanne

Sandman

1976

Psychobiology

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Twenty subjects were conditioned to raise their operant heart rates during the presentation of one stimulus and to lower operant heart rate during the presentation of a second stimulus. A 2 by 2 factorial design was utilized to examine the effects of proprioceptive awareness [high overall score on the Automonic Perception Questionnaire (APQ) vs. low APQ score] and instructions about the response-reinforcement contingencies (informed subjects vs. uninformed subjects) on operant heartrate control. The results indicated that informed subjects achieved better control over operant heart rate than uninformed subjects. No effects attributable to APQ score were detected. It is suggested that proprioceptive awareness may influence heart-rate control when no external feedback is available (e.g., Bergman & Johnson, 1971), or when external feedback is relatively weak (e.g., Blanchard, Young, & McLeod, 1972), but information about contingencies of reinforcement appears to have more impact on heart-rate control than proprioceptive awareness when relatively powerful external feedback is available. The heart-rate results appeared to be relatively independent of changes in skin responding and cephalic pulse amplitude.

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Sources of Information Which Affect Training and Raising of Heart Rate

Cited by 59 publications

References 14 publications

Blood Pressure and Heart-Rate Response to Verbal Instruction and Relaxation in Hypertension

Blood Pressure and Heart-Rate Response to Verbal Instruction and Relaxation in Hypertension

Effects of Binary and Proportional Feedback on Bidirectional Control of Heart Rate

Proprioceptive awareness, information about response-reinforcement contingencies, and operant heart-rate control

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