Sources of individual shy–bold variations in antipredator behaviour of male Iberian rock lizards

López, Pílar; Hawlena, Dror; Polo, Vicente; Amo, Luisa; Martı́n, José

doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.05.010

Cited by 160 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Differences in the escape responses of juvenile and adult lizards should be expected because age differences are also associated with variation in other traits, including microhabitat use (Stamps 1983, Lattanzio andLaDuke 2012), thermal biology (Castilla and Bauwens 1991), and performance capacity (Irschick 2000). For example, juvenile and adult A. festiva differ in body size, which may affect perception of risk and thus their escape response (López et al 2005). Older, adult lizards should also have more experience with approaching predators and such experience may influence patterns of FID (Ydenberg and Dill 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and ontogenetic variation in the escape response of Ameiva festiva (Squamata, Teiidae)

Lattanzio

2014

Phyllomedusa

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Temporal and ontogenetic variation in the escape response of Ameiva festiva (Squamata, Teiidae). Several factors have been shown to affect lizard escape behavior (flight initiation distance or FID, the distance between predator and prey when the prey initiates escape). Patterns of daily activity, such as foraging or movement behavior, vary with respect to time of day, supporting that escape responses may vary temporally as well. However, there remains scant information regarding the effects of time of day on FID. During peak activity, FID may decrease due to increased cost of giving up resources (e.g., prey or potential mates). An alternative hypothesis is that FID may increase because lizard activity in general may serve to alert a predator in advance of its approach. A lizard in this scenario may be favored to flee sooner rather than later. Moreover, juvenile and adult lizards of multiple species may differ in behavioral, ecological, and morphological traits that could influence escape decisions. I tested the effects of time of day (in 30-min intervals) and age (juvenile or adult) on the FID of a tropical whiptail lizard, Ameiva festiva in Costa Rica. I found that A. festiva escape responses varied with time of day such that in general, their FID decreased throughout the day. In addition, I observed a peak in FID from mid to late-morning that matches published estimates of peak activity times for A. festiva. Overall, juvenile A. festiva initiated an escape response sooner than adults, which may be related to differences in perceived risk associated with differences in size and predator experience between the two age groups. I conclude that escape responses may be contingent on both the activity level of the animal at the time of approach and its age.Keywords: activity pattern, age, flight initiation distance, lizard, optimal escape theory, time of day. 18Phyllomedusa -13(1), August 2014 ResumoVariação temporal e ontogenética na resposta de fuga de Ameiva festiva (Squamata, Teiidae). Diversos fatores podem influenciar o comportamento de fuga dos lagartos (distância de início da fuga ou FID, a distância entre o predador e a presa quando esta inicia a fuga). Os padrões diários de atividade, como os comportamentos de forrageio ou de movimentação, variam em função da hora do dia, sustentando a ideia de que as respostas de fuga podem variar também temporalmente. Contudo, permenecem escassas as informações relacionadas aos efeitos da hora do dia sobre a FID. Durante o pico de atividade, a FID pode diminuir devido ao aumento do custo de desistir de recursos (e.g., presas ou parceiros potenciais). Uma hipótese alternative é a de que a FID pode aumentar porque a atividade do lagarto em geral pode servir para alertar um predador antes de sua aproximação. Esse cenário pode favorecer a fuga precoce de um lagarto, em vez de tardia. Além disso, lagartos juvenis e adultos de diversas espécies podem diferir em características de comportamento, ecológicas e morfológicas que poderiam influenciar as decisões de fuga. Test...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and ontogenetic variation in the escape response of Ameiva festiva (Squamata, Teiidae)

Lattanzio

2014

Phyllomedusa

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“…(b) Boldness To obtain a measure of boldness before the habituation protocol (see below), we followed Ló pez et al [31]. We tested the lizards between 16.15 and 18.15 h, when all individuals were active.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We simulated several consecutive attacks to each lizard, recording at the start of each consecutive attack whether the lizard was hiding inside the refuge (body and head inside the refuge), leaning out of the refuge (i.e. individual's body was inside the refuge, but its head was sticking out) or outside the refuge (body and head outside of the refuge; [31]). One observer (I.R.P.)…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Individual variation in behavioural plasticity: direct and indirect effects of boldness, exploration and sociability on habituation to predators in lizards

2010

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Little is known about the factors causing variation in behavioural plasticity and the interplay between personality and plasticity. Habituation to predators is a special case of behavioural plasticity. We investigated the direct and indirect effects of boldness, exploration and sociability traits on the habituation ability of Iberian wall lizards, considering exposure and sex effects. Individual boldness was consistent across several nonhabituation contexts, but it did not significantly affect habituation. Exploration had a strong direct effect on habituation, with more exploratory individuals being able to habituate faster than less exploratory ones, probably because of their ability to assess risk better. Individual variation in habituation was also affected by sociability, but this was an indirect effect mediated by exposure to the predator. Less social individuals avoided refuges with conspecific cues, increasing exposure to the predator and eventually habituation. Finally, the direct effects of sex (females habituated faster than males) were opposite to its indirect effects through exposure. We conclude that risk assessment, instead of the proactivity-reactivity gradient usually considered in the literature, can affect behavioural plasticity through complex interactions between direct and indirect effects, including exploratory behaviour, degree of exposure to the predator and sex, which represent novel mechanisms generating inter-individual variation in plasticity.

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“…It is, however, unknown how these behavioural differences translate into differences in indirect costs of predation for these individuals. Finally, adult male Iberian rock lizards Iberolacerta monticola show consistent differences in the magnitude of their anti-predator responses under similar conditions of risk, and such differences were suggested to be linked to personality differences (Lopez et al 2005).…”

Section: Individual Variability In Indirect Costs Of Predationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Predation, individual variability and vertebrate population dynamics

Pettorelli

Coulson²,

Durant³

et al. 2011

Oecologia

103

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Both predation and individual variation in life history traits influence population dynamics. Recent results from laboratory predator-prey systems suggest that differences between individuals can also influence predator-prey dynamics when different genotypes experience different predation-associated mortalities. Despite the growing number of studies in this field, there is no synthesis identifying the overall importance of the interactions between predation and individual heterogeneity and their role in shaping the dynamics of free-ranging populations of vertebrates. We aim to fill this gap with a review that examines how individual variability in prey susceptibility, in predation costs, in predator selectivity, and in predatory performance, might influence prey population dynamics. Based on this review, it is clear that (1) predation risk and costs experienced by free-ranging prey are associated with their phenotypic attributes, (2) many generalist predator populations consist of individual specialists with part of the specialization associated with their phenotypes, and (3) a complete understanding of the population dynamic consequences of predation may require information on individual variability in prey selection and prey vulnerability. Altogether, this work (1) highlights the importance of maintaining long-term, detailed studies of individuals of both predators and prey in contrasting ecological conditions, and (2) advocates for a better use of available information to account for interactive effects between predators and their prey when modelling prey population dynamics.

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Sources of individual shy–bold variations in antipredator behaviour of male Iberian rock lizards

Cited by 160 publications

References 65 publications

Temporal and ontogenetic variation in the escape response of Ameiva festiva (Squamata, Teiidae)

Temporal and ontogenetic variation in the escape response of Ameiva festiva (Squamata, Teiidae)

Individual variation in behavioural plasticity: direct and indirect effects of boldness, exploration and sociability on habituation to predators in lizards

Predation, individual variability and vertebrate population dynamics

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