Sources of High-Chloride Water to Wells, Eastern San Joaquin Ground-Water Subbasin, California

Izbicki, John A.; Metzger, Loren F.; McPherson, Kelly R.; Everett, Rhett R.; Bennett, George L.

doi:10.3133/ofr20061309

Cited by 11 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…On the basis of their distribution within the trilinear diagram, data were aggregated into three groups having different chemical compositions. The groups are similar to those identified in the study area by Izbicki et al (2006).…”

Section: Chemical Composition Of Watersupporting

confidence: 85%

“…In addition to seawater intrusion, other possible sources of high-chloride water in near-coastal aquifers include: (1) water from deposits or rocks that are adjacent to or underlie freshwater aquifers, (2) soluble salts emplaced in sediments by the evaporation of groundwater in discharge areas, and (3) irrigation return water (Piper and Garrett 1953;Izbicki et al 2006). Numerous techniques are available and have been used to identify sources of chloride; for example, Anders et al (2013) used geochemical data in a deep coastal aquifer system in the San Diego area to discern sources of salinity that included paleo-seawater intrusion and mobilization of salts from saline sediments by fresh regional groundwater flow; Izbicki et al (2005) used flowmeter and depth-dependent water-quality data to determine that high-chloride water was entering long-screened production wells from both shallow and deep depths in a coastal California aquifer; and O'Leary et al (2012) showed that this water could move rapidly through aquifers in thin permeable layers within alluvial deposits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sources of high-chloride water and managed aquifer recharge in an alluvial aquifer in California, USA

2015

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As a result of pumping in excess of recharge, water levels in alluvial aquifers within the Eastern San Joaquin Groundwater Subbasin, 130 km east of San Francisco (California, USA), declined below sea level in the early 1950s and have remained so to the present. Chloride concentrations in some wells increased during that time and exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency's secondary maximum contaminant level of 250 mg/L, resulting in removal of some wells from service. Sources of high-chloride water include irrigation return in 16 % of sampled wells and water from delta sediments and deeper groundwater in 50 % of sampled wells. Chloride concentrations resulting from irrigation return commonly did not exceed 100 mg/L, although nitrate concentrations were as high as 25 mg/L as nitrogen. Chloride concentrations ranged from less than 100-2,050 mg/L in wells affected by water from delta sediments and deeper groundwater. Sequential electromagnetic logs show movement of highchloride water from delta sediments to pumping wells through permeable interconnected aquifer layers. δD and δ 18O data show most groundwater originated as recharge along the front of the Sierra Nevada, but tritium and carbon-14 data suggest recharge rates in this area are low and have decreased over recent geologic time. Managed aquifer recharge at two sites show differences in water-level responses to recharge and in the physical movement of recharged water with depth related to subsurface geology. Well-bore flow logs also show rapid movement of water from recharge sites through permeable interconnected aquifer layers to pumping wells.

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Section: Chemical Composition Of Watersupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources of high-chloride water and managed aquifer recharge in an alluvial aquifer in California, USA

2015

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“…Basic events that can lead to MAR failure were compiled based on a literature review of the problems encountered by different facilities around the world (Aiken and Kuniansky, 2002;Alazard et al, 2016;Assmuth et al, 2016;Bhusari et al, 2016;Chaoka et al, 2006;Flint and Ellett, 2005;Masetti et al, 2016;Murray and Ravenscroft, 2010;Petersen and Glotzbach, 2005;Schneider et al, 1987;Izbicki et al, 2006;Sultana and Ahmed, 2016;Tredoux et al, 2009;Tredoux and Cain, 2010;Tripathi, 2016). We revised 51 MAR facilities at 47 sites (some sites involved more than one facility) located in different countries and climatic conditions worldwide: Australia, Belgium, Botswana, China, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Namibia, South Africa, Spain, Tunisia, and USA.…”

Section: Literature Review -Events Involved In Mar Failurementioning

confidence: 99%

A risk assessment methodology to evaluate the risk failure of managed aquifer recharge in the Mediterranean Basin

Rodríguez‐Escales

Canelles

Sánchez-Vila

et al. 2018

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can be affected by many risks. Those risks are related to different technical and non-technical aspects of recharge, like water availability, water quality, legislation, social issues, etc. Many other works have acknowledged risks of this nature theoretically; however, their quantification and definition has not been developed. In this study, the risk definition and quantification has been performed by means of "fault trees" and probabilistic risk assessment (PRA). We defined a fault tree with 65 basic events applicable to the operation phase. After that, we have applied this methodology to six different managed aquifer recharge sites located in the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Italy, Malta, and Israel). The probabilities of the basic events were defined by expert criteria, based on the knowledge of the different managers of the facilities. From that, we conclude that in all sites, the perception of the expert criteria of the non-technical aspects were as much or even more important than the technical aspects. Regarding the risk results, we observe that the total risk in three of the six sites was equal to or above 0.90. That would mean that the MAR facilities have a risk of failure equal to or higher than 90 % in the period of 2-6 years. The other three sites presented lower risks (75, 29, and 18 % for Malta, Menashe, and Serchio, respectively).

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“…Chloride concentrations in water from wells in the Stockton area of the Eastern San Joaquin Groundwater Subbasin, California, 130 km east of San Francisco (Figure 1), have increased as a result of groundwater pumping and subsequent declines in groundwater levels (Izbicki et al 2006). The concentration of chloride in some wells has exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) of 250 mg/L, and some public-supply wells have been removed from service due to high-chloride concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chloride concentrations of these sources are less than sea water, typically about 3000 mg/L (Izbicki et al 2006). Sea water is highly saline, having a chloride concentration of 19,000 mg/L, and provides a large resistivity contrast with native fresh water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic‐Induction Logging to Monitor Changing Chloride Concentrations

Metzger

Izbicki

2012

Groundwater

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Water from the San Joaquin Delta, having chloride concentrations up to 3590 mg/L, has intruded fresh water aquifers underlying Stockton, California. Changes in chloride concentrations at depth within these aquifers were evaluated using sequential electromagnetic (EM) induction logs collected during 2004 through 2007 at seven multiple-well sites as deep as 268 m. Sequential EM logging is useful for identifying changes in groundwater quality through polyvinyl chloride-cased wells in intervals not screened by wells. These unscreened intervals represent more than 90% of the aquifer at the sites studied. Sequential EM logging suggested degrading groundwater quality in numerous thin intervals, typically between 1 and 7 m in thickness, especially in the northern part of the study area. Some of these intervals were unscreened by wells, and would not have been identified by traditional groundwater sample collection. Sequential logging also identified intervals with improving water quality-possibly due to groundwater management practices that have limited pumping and promoted artificial recharge. EM resistivity was correlated with chloride concentrations in sampled wells and in water from core material. Natural gamma log data were used to account for the effect of aquifer lithology on EM resistivity. Results of this study show that a sequential EM logging is useful for identifying and monitoring the movement of high-chloride water, having lower salinities and chloride concentrations than sea water, in aquifer intervals not screened by wells, and that increases in chloride in water from wells in the area are consistent with high-chloride water originating from the San Joaquin Delta rather than from the underlying saline aquifer.

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Sources of High-Chloride Water to Wells, Eastern San Joaquin Ground-Water Subbasin, California

Cited by 11 publications

References 3 publications

Sources of high-chloride water and managed aquifer recharge in an alluvial aquifer in California, USA

Sources of high-chloride water and managed aquifer recharge in an alluvial aquifer in California, USA

A risk assessment methodology to evaluate the risk failure of managed aquifer recharge in the Mediterranean Basin

Electromagnetic‐Induction Logging to Monitor Changing Chloride Concentrations

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