Sources of genetic diversity in feral oilseed rape (Brassica napus) populations

Elling, Barbara; Neuffer, Barbara; Bleeker, Walter

doi:10.1016/j.baae.2009.01.005

Cited by 39 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…A 10-year survey (1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002), along road verges of a motorway revealed that most quadrats showed transient populations lasting one to four years (Crawley and Brown, 2004). These data and data from other demographic studies indicate a substantial turnover of populations of feral oilseed rape: only a small percentage of populations occurs at the same location over successive years, whereas the majority disappears rapidly Brown, 1995, 2004;Charters et al, 1999;Peltzer et al, 2008;Elling et al, 2009;Knispel and McLachlan, 2009;Nishizawa et al, 2009;Squire et al, 2011). If habitats are disturbed on a regular basis by anthropogenic activities such as mowing, herbicide application or soil disturbance, or natural occurrences such as flooding, then feral populations can persist for longer periods (Claessen et al, 2005a;.…”

Section: Environmental Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 50%

Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2010‐87) for the placing on the market of genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape GT73 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, oilseed rape GT73 (with the exception of refined oil and food additives) under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto

2013

EFS2

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This scientific opinion is a risk assessment for the placing on the market of the genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape (OSR) GT73 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, OSR-GT73. OSR-GT73 contains a single insert consisting of the goxv247 and CP4 epsps expression cassettes. Both proteins confer tolerance against glyphosate-based-herbicides. Bioinformatic analyses of inserted DNA and flanking regions did not raise safety concerns. Levels of CP4 EPSPS and GOXv247 proteins in OSR-GT73 were analysed and the stability of the genetic modification was demonstrated. No biologically relevant differences were identified in the compositional/agronomic/phenotypic characteristics of OSR-GT73 compared with its conventional counterpart, except for the newly expressed proteins. No indication of potential concerns over the safety of the newly expressed CP4-EPSPS and GOXv247 proteins or the occurrence of unintended effects were identified in either OSR-GT73 pollen/pollen-containing dietary supplements or the adventitious presence of trace levels of seeds in human foods. An equivalent assessment with isolated seed protein could not be made because of the lack of availability of relevant consumption and safety data. There are no indications of increased establishment and spread of feral OSR-GT73 plants, or of hybridising wild relatives, unless exposed to glyphosate-based-herbicides. Potential interactions of feral plants with the biotic/abiotic environment do not raise concerns. Environmental risks of horizontal gene transfer into bacteria were not identified. The monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses. The environmental risk assessment of OSR-GT73 did not identify any safety concerns, in the context of its intended uses. While the Panel is not in a position to conclude on the safety of OSR pollen as such, it concludes that the genetic modification in OSR-GT73 does not constitute an additional health risk if OSR-GT73 pollen were to replace non-GM OSR pollen. Scientific opinion on herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape GT73 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, oilseed rape GT73 2 EFSA Journal 2013;11 (2) 4 from Monsanto, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA GMO Panel) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the safety of genetically modified (GM) herbicide tolerant oilseed rape GT73 (Unique Identifier MON-ØØØ73-7) for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, GM oilseed rape GT73 (with the exception of refined oil and food additives).In delivering its Scientific Opinion, the EFSA GMO Panel considered the application EFSA-GMO-NL-2010-87, additional information supplied by the applicant, scientific comments submitted by the Member States, and relevant scientific publications. Further information was taken into account from previous applicatio...

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Section: Environmental Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 50%

Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2010‐87) for the placing on the market of genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape GT73 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, oilseed rape GT73 (with the exception of refined oil and food additives) under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto

2013

EFS2

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“…Recent observations in Canada confirmed the persistence of a GLY tolerance trait over a period of six years in a population of B. rapa in the absence of herbicide pressure (with the exception of possible exposure to GLY in one year) and in spite of fitness costs associated with hybridisation (Warwick et al, 2008). A single GM B. rapa x B. napus hybrid was also reported along a road in Vancouver (Yoshimura et al, 2006), confirming the hybridisation possibility between these two Brassica species, albeit at very low frequencies (see also Elling et al, 2009 …”

Section: Cultivation Scenariosupporting

confidence: 48%

“…A 10-year survey (1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002), along road verges of a motorway revealed that most quadrats showed transient populations lasting one to four years (Crawley and Brown, 2004). These data and data from other demographic studies indicate a substantial turnover of populations of feral oilseed rape: only a small percentage of populations occurs at the same location over successive years, whereas the majority appears to die out rapidly (Crawley and Brown, 1995, 2004;Charters et al, 1999;Peltzer et al, 2008;Elling et al, 2009;Knispel and McLachlan, 2009;Nishizawa et al, 2009;Squire et al, 2011). However, if habitats are disturbed on a regular basis by anthropogenic activities such as mowing, herbicide applications or soil disturbance, or natural occurrences such as flooding, then feral populations can persist for longer periods (Claessen et al, 2005a;.…”

Section: Population Demography Of Feral Oilseed Rapementioning

confidence: 82%

“…Few direct measurements to quantify crossings between commercially grown oilseed rape and feral plants have been made so far, but the fact that crossing occurs, and hence genomes of old and new varieties combine, was demonstrated at several localities in the EU (Charters et al, 1999;Bond et al, 2004;Dietz-Pfeilstetter et al, 2006;Pascher et al, 2006Pascher et al, , 2010Elling et al, 2009). More generally, the potential for cross-fertilisation of feral plants by the crop plant simultaneously in flower over a range of distances has been demonstrated by the use of small groups of male-sterile recipient plants distributed in the landscape (Ramsay et al, 2003;Devaux et al, 2005Devaux et al, , 2007Devaux et al, , 2008Chifflet et al, 2011).…”

Section: Cultivation Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feral genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape from seed import spills: are concerns scientifically justified?

Devos

Hails

Messéan³

et al. 2011

Transgenic Res

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Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner.1 | P a g e KEYWORDSGenetically modified oilseed rape, herbicide tolerance, seed spillage, ferality, persistence, invasiveness, coexistence, introgression 2 | P a g e ABSTRACTOne of the concerns surrounding the import (for food and feed uses or processing) of genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) oilseed rape is that, through seed spillage, the herbicide tolerance (HT) trait will escape into agricultural or semi-natural habitats, causing environmental or economic problems. Based on these concerns, three EU countries have invoked national safeguard clauses to ban the marketing of specific GMHT oilseed rape events on their territory. However, the scientific basis for the environmental and economic concerns posed by feral GMHT oilseed rape resulting from seed import spills is debatable.While oilseed rape has characteristics such as secondary dormancy and small seed size that enable it to persist and be redistributed in the landscape, the presence of ferals is not in itself an environmental or economic problem. Crucially, feral oilseed rape has not become invasive outside cultivated and ruderal habitats, and HT traits are not likely to result in increased invasiveness. Feral GMHT oilseed rape has the potential to introduce HT traits to volunteer weeds in agricultural fields, but would only be amplified if the herbicides to which HT volunteers are tolerant were used routinely in the field. However, this worst-case scenario is most unlikely, as seed import spills are mostly confined to port areas. Economic concerns revolve around the potential for feral GMHT oilseed rape to contribute to GM admixtures in non-GM crops. Since feral plants derived from cultivation (as distinct from import) occur at too low a frequency to affect the coexistence threshold of 0.9% in the EU, it can be concluded that feral GMHT plants resulting from seed import spills will have little relevance as a potential source of pollen or seed for GM admixture. This paper concludes that feral oilseed rape in Europe should not be routinely managed, and certainly not in semi-natural habitats, as the benefits of such action would not outweigh the negative effects of management.3 | P a g e INTRODUCTIONThe global area cropped with genetically modified (GM) crops has consistently increased each year since they were first commercially cultivated in 1996 (1.7 million hectares), reaching 148 million hectares in 2010 (James, 2010). The advent of GM crops and their rapid expansion in terms of cropping area evoked intense debate about their safety (Hails, 2000; Devos et al., 2008b;Waltz, 2009; Gaskell et al., 2011). Concerns have been raised that the commercial release of GM crops could result in adverse environmental and economic effects.Environmental concerns include the potential for altered fitness of the crop ...

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“…Transport and handling have been identified as the main reasons for spillage of OSR (Crawley and Brown, 2004;Pivard et al, 2008) and are therefore the focus of the present work. In Central Europe, feral OSR plants are able to reproduce, and populations may persist for several years outside cultivation, especially along transportation routes such as railway lines or roads, as known for France (Pessel et al, 2001;Garnier et al, 2008;Pivard et al, 2008), Germany (Dietz-Pfeilstetter et al, 2006;Menzel, 2006;Elling et al, 2009;Middelhoff et al, 2009;Franzaring et al, 2016), the Netherlands (Tamis and de Jong, 2010), Great Britain (Crawley and Brown, 2004;Squire et al, 2010) and Austria (Pascher et al, 2000(Pascher et al, , 2006(Pascher et al, , 2010. In Switzerland, feral glyphosate resistant OSR (GT73) was identified on four of 79 sample sites (Schoenenberger and D'Andrea, 2012), although like in the European Union GT73 is not permitted for cultivation.…”

Section: Oilseed Rape As a Model System For Seed Spillage Along Transmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spillage of Viable Seeds of Oilseed Rape along Transportation Routes: Ecological Risk Assessment and Perspectives on Management Efforts

et al. 2017

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Seed spillage during handling and transportation promotes establishment and invasion of feral crops into adjacent semi-natural habitats. This is also the case for oilseed rape (OSR, Brassica napus), where seed spillage may lead to establishment of herbicide resistant OSR populations in countries without cultivation of genetically modified OSR. Using data from Austria-where cultivation and import of genetically modified OSR are banned-as a prime example, we demonstrate that ports, oil mills, switchyards, and border railway stations to countries with different electric current systems-where trains have to stop-are the sites of primary concern with respect to seed spillage. Based on the results of the Austrian case study we discuss common measures to limit crop seed spillage which include intensified controls at border railway stations and the mode of seed packing during transportation. We further recommend sufficient cleaning both of goods wagons and of loading areas of trucks and ships as well as an appropriate weed management.Keywords: oilseed rape, transport, seed spillage, feral crop, invasion, mitigation measures, risk assessment, AustriaSeeds of arable crops are regularly spilled during transport and handling activities. These incidents cause intense management efforts and additional costs (Yoshimura et al., 2006). Moreover, the origin and establishment of feral populations along transportation routes contribute to the uncertainty concerning containment of genetically modified (GM) crops outside fields and could therefore interfere with a successful weed management. Here, we focus on oilseed rape (OSR, Brassica napus), a frequently spilled crop (Von der Lippe and Kowarik, 2007) with GM lines already in use, to identify spillage hot-spots due to transportation and handling, allowing us to develop perspectives on common management approaches.Spillage of OSR seeds has intensively been studied worldwide (e.g., Schafer et al., 2011), which makes OSR a primary model system in this context. We chose Austria as study region because this small country is situated in the center of Europe rendering it a nodal point for traffic and international goods carriage.

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Sources of genetic diversity in feral oilseed rape (Brassica napus) populations

Cited by 39 publications

References 26 publications

Feral genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape from seed import spills: are concerns scientifically justified?

Spillage of Viable Seeds of Oilseed Rape along Transportation Routes: Ecological Risk Assessment and Perspectives on Management Efforts

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