Sources of and technical approaches for the abatement of tobacco specific nitrosamine formation in moist smokeless tobacco products

Fisher, Michael T.; Bennett, Cliff B.; Hayes, A. J.; Kargalioglu, Yahya; Knox, Brandy L.; Xu, Dongmei; Muhammad-Kah, Raheema; Gaworski, Charles L.

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.035

Cited by 48 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The presence of these microorganisms in the STPs suggests the possibility of TSNA formation after packaging. This phenomenon would be consistent with earlier studies that found that the levels of TSNAs in certain STPs stored under ambient conditions increased over time (31,32).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Bacterial Populations Associated with Smokeless Tobacco Products

Han

Sanad

Deck

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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There are an estimated 8 million users of smokeless tobacco products (STPs) in the United States, and yet limited data on microbial populations within these products exist. To better understand the potential microbiological risks associated with STP use, a study was conducted to provide a baseline microbiological profile of STPs. A total of 90 samples, representing 15 common STPs, were purchased in metropolitan areas in Little Rock, AR, and Washington, DC, in November 2012, March 2013, and July 2013. Bacterial populations were evaluated using culture, pyrosequencing, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Moist-snuff products exhibited higher levels of bacteria (average of 1.05 ؋ 10 6 CFU/g STP) and diversity of bacterial populations than snus (average of 8.33 ؋ 10 1 CFU/g STP) and some chewing tobacco products (average of 2.54 ؋ 10 5 CFU/g STP). The most common species identified by culturing were Bacillus pumilus, B. licheniformis, B. safensis, and B. subtilis, followed by members of the genera Oceanobacillus, Staphylococcus, and Tetragenococcus. Pyrosequencing analyses of the 16S rRNA genes identified the genera Tetragenococcus, Carnobacterium, Lactobacillus, Geobacillus, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus as the predominant taxa. Several species identified are of possible concern due to their potential to cause opportunistic infections and reported abilities to reduce nitrates to nitrites, which may be an important step in the formation of carcinogenic tobacco-specific N=-nitrosamines. This report provides a microbiological baseline to help fill knowledge gaps associated with microbiological risks of STPs and to inform potential regulations regarding manufacture and testing of STPs. IMPORTANCEIt is estimated that there 8 million users of smokeless tobacco products (STPs) in the United States; however, there are limited data on microbial populations that exist within these products. The current study was undertaken to better understand the potential microbiological risks associated with STP use and provide a baseline microbiological profile of STPs. Several bacterial species were identified that are of possible concern due to their potential to cause opportunistic infections. In addition, some species have abilities to reduce nitrates to nitrites, which may be an important step in the formation of carcinogenic tobaccospecific N=-nitrosamines. Overall, this report provides a microbiological baseline to help fill knowledge gaps related to the microbiological risks of STPs and to inform potential regulations regarding the manufacture and testing of STPs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Bacterial Populations Associated with Smokeless Tobacco Products

Han

Sanad

Deck

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Specifically, it has been reported that NNK and NNN nitrosamine biomarkers in the urine of smokeless tobacco users increased 32 and 12%, respectively, for every one-unit (μg/g wet wt) increase in NNK and NNN levels within their smokeless tobacco products (Hatsukami et al, 2015). In tobacco, bacteria have been identified that are capable of reducing nitrate to nitrite for the formation of TSNAs, including species of Bacillus , Staphylococcus , and Corynebacterium (Di Giacomo et al, 2007; Fisher et al, 2012). However, we are unable to determine with these data whether the OTUs present in our samples have such capabilities or were responsible for the observed increases in TSNAs levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Variations in Cigarette Tobacco Bacterial Community Composition and Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine Content Are Influenced by Brand and Storage Conditions

et al. 2017

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Tobacco products, specifically cigarettes, are home to microbial ecosystems that may play an important role in the generation of carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), as well as the onset of multiple adverse human health effects associated with the use of these products. Therefore, we conducted time-series experiments with five commercially available brands of cigarettes that were either commercially mentholated, custom-mentholated, user-mentholated, or non-mentholated. To mimic user storage conditions, the cigarettes were incubated for 14 days under three different temperatures and relative humidities (i.e., pocket, refrigerator, and room). Overall, 360 samples were collected over the course of 2 weeks and total DNA was extracted, PCR amplified for the V3V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. A subset of samples (n = 32) was also analyzed via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for two TSNAs: N’-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Comparative analyses of the five tobacco brands revealed bacterial communities dominated by Pseudomonas, Pantoea, and Bacillus, with Pseudomonas relatively stable in abundance regardless of storage condition. In addition, core bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified in all samples and included Bacillus pumilus, Rhizobium sp., Sphingomonas sp., unknown Enterobacteriaceae, Pantoea sp., Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, and P. putida. Additional OTUs were identified that significantly changed in relative abundance between day 0 and day 14, influenced by brand and storage condition. In addition, small but statistically significant increases in NNN levels were observed in user- and commercially mentholated brands between day 0 and day 14 at pocket conditions. These data suggest that manufacturing and user manipulations, such as mentholation and storage conditions, may directly impact the microbiome of cigarette tobacco as well as the levels of carcinogens.

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“…Borgerding et al (34) analyzed toxicant concentrations in 43 US smokeless tobacco products sold in the US in 2006 and 2007 and found that TSNA concentrations observed for all of these commercial products were lower than historically reported values. Fisher et al (10) found a decrease in average TSNAs for three commercial moist snuff products from 1997 to 2010, particularly in the period prior to 2005. The decrease in NNAL concentrations among smokeless tobacco users may also reflect a movement among users to smokeless products with lower levels of certain harmful constituents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known that tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) levels in smokeless tobacco products themselves can vary due to a variety of factors including tobacco type, growing conditions, curing and fermentation processes, and storage conditions (10, 11) and that TSNA levels in smokeless tobacco products can vary widely (12-14). It has also been suggested that levels of some biomarkers can be as high or higher among smokeless tobacco users as among cigarette smokers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine and Toxicant Exposure among U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results from 1999 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data

Rostron

Chang

Bemmel

et al. 2015

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background It has been suggested that smokeless tobacco users have high levels of exposure to nicotine and some toxic substances as measured by biomarker concentrations, but studies with nationally representative data have been limited. Methods We analyzed biomarkers of tobacco exposure for 23,684 adult participants from the National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999-2012. The biomarkers analyzed were serum cotinine, urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), blood lead, blood cadmium, blood mercury, urinary arsenic, and urinary N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CYMA). We calculated geometric mean concentrations for each biomarker by tobacco use category (exclusive smokeless tobacco use, exclusive cigarette smoking, dual cigarette and smokeless tobacco use, and non-cigarette and smokeless tobacco use) and geometric mean ratios adjusting for demographic factors. Results Exclusive smokeless tobacco users had higher geometric mean concentrations of cotinine (178.9 ng/mL, 95% CI = 145.5, 220.0) and NNAL (583.0 pg/mg creatinine, 95% CI = 445.2, 763.5) than exclusive cigarette smokers, (130.6 ng/mL, 95% CI = 122.3, 139.6 and 217.6 pg/mg creatinine, 95% CI = 193.0, 245.2, respectively). Smokeless tobacco users also had higher concentrations of blood lead compared with non-tobacco users (adjusted geometric mean ratio = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.21, 1.38). Differences in concentrations of cadmium, mercury, and CYMA between smokeless tobacco users and non-tobacco users were not observed. Based on limited sample sizes, NNAL concentrations for smokeless tobacco users appear to have declined from 2007-2008 (geometric mean = 1013.7 pg/mg creatinine, 95% CI = 738.9, 1390.8) to 2011-2012 (geometric mean = 325.7 pg/mg creatinine, 95% CI = 159.6, 664.9). Conclusions Smokeless tobacco users have higher observed levels of exposure to nicotine and carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines, as measured by cotinine and NNAL biomarker concentrations, than cigarette smokers. Impact High levels of exposure to known harmful constituents for smokeless tobacco users is a cause of concern for individual and public health.

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Sources of and technical approaches for the abatement of tobacco specific nitrosamine formation in moist smokeless tobacco products

Cited by 48 publications

References 8 publications

Bacterial Populations Associated with Smokeless Tobacco Products

Bacterial Populations Associated with Smokeless Tobacco Products

Temporal Variations in Cigarette Tobacco Bacterial Community Composition and Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine Content Are Influenced by Brand and Storage Conditions

Nicotine and Toxicant Exposure among U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results from 1999 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data

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