Sources, Chemistry and Control of Acid Rain in the Environment

Shammas, Nazih K.; Wang, Lawrence K.; Wang, Mu-Hao Sung

doi:10.1142/9789811207136_0001

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Furthermore, acid rains negatively affect soil fertility and the normal functioning of plants at all stages of growth and development by acidifying the soil and surface water, depositing on leaves and changing the symbiotic microbial community (Xalxo and Sahu, 2017). Marine life is also affected by harming the food chain and interferential acid and oxygen circulation, damaging the gills and causing heart problems in fish (Shammas et al, 2020).…”

Section: Acid Rainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breathing chemicals: a review of air pollution over the years

Totolici¹,

Mitrea²,

Cioloca³

et al. 2022

Studia UBB Biologia

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Air is necessary for human survival and the preservation of the environment. The scientific community is concerned about the ongoing rapid expansion of the population, which uses resources faster, and thus the accumulation of an enormous amount of waste will gradually worsen the air quality. The change in the pollutants released in the atmosphere became more complex throughout human history, and they were released in huge quantities. The sources of air pollution vary greatly – from burning fuel, the household, agricultural or mining activities to natural disasters or significant industrial accidents. New techniques that monitor the air composition are being developed to ensure air quality control. The population exposed to these harmful compounds is predisposed to various health concerns, including skin, cardiovascular, brain, blood, and lung illnesses. The substances also contribute to global warming, acid rains and ozone depletion. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was noticed that reducing human activities causing pollution leads to improved air quality, which shows that long-term solutions can also be found. This paper aims to offer an overview of the air pollution problems persisting around the globe and present the current state, causes and evolution of air pollution. Some of the solutions we propose in this article include energy-saving, public transportation and material recycling. We also emphasize the need to develop new technologies to control the air quality and implement a sustainable approach.

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Section: Acid Rainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breathing chemicals: a review of air pollution over the years

Totolici¹,

Mitrea²,

Cioloca³

et al. 2022

Studia UBB Biologia

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“…Water resources, encompassing precipitation water like rain, and surface water like rivers, face the direct substantial threats from anthropogenic activities like overexploitation and pollution, necessitating urgent measures for environmental sustainability [8,9]. Atmospheric soot, a prominent pollutant, influences the chemophysical properties of water, impacting its pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and various suspended and dissolved solids [10]. Additionally, soot significantly influences the presence and abundance of heavy metals, including cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc, offering crucial insights into the contamination status of both rainwater and surface water [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemophysical and Metallic Characterization of Surface Water and Precipitation for Environmental Quality Assessment in Oyigbo L.G.A., Rivers State, Nigeria

Ahmed,

Udom,

Obafemi

2024

JOGEE

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This study investigates the repercussions of oil industry operations on environmental quality in the Niger Delta, with a specific focus on atmospheric soot contamination. By conducting chemophysical and metallic characterization of surface water (river) and precipitation (rain) in Oyigbo, Rivers State, Nigeria, the research evaluates various chemical and physical parameters, like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, as well as concentrations of heavy metals like lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn). The findings uncover a slightly acidic to neutral pH in water samples. The elevated EC in the Imo River, while meeting WHO standards, highlights the delicate balance between industrial development and environmental health. Turbidity values, meeting WHO standards but exceeding limits in some rainwater samples, prompt scrutiny of anthropogenic influences, with fishing and sand mining emerging as potential contributors to river turbidity, while TSS values, though higher along the Imo River, remain within WHO standards. Results reveal Cd, Cu, and Zn adhere to standards, while the elevated Pb levels necessitate further exploration into contamination sources. The heavy metals pollution index (HPI) categorizes the area as polluted and identifies lead as the primary contributor, underlining the urgency of interventions. The potential ecological risks index (PERI) classifies the pollution risk as slight, indicating a low ecological risk level, and reveals risk hierarchies, in the order of metals contributing to pollution as Pb > Cu > Cd > Zn for both river and rainwater. This study unravels the relationship between industrial activities and water quality in Oyigbo, contributing substantively to sustainable water resources and environmental management. The detailed findings stand as a cornerstone for informed decision-making, aiming to mitigate environmental impacts and safeguard ecosystems and communities reliant on vital water sources.

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“…Sulfur oxides (SO x ) are major air pollutants that contribute to acid rain and particulate matter formation in the Earth’s atmosphere. − Among the SO x , sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) is the most emitted, with burning of fuels and human activities being the dominant source along with natural emission processes. − Sulfur trioxide (SO 3 ) is formed by the gas-phase oxidation of SO 2 and is an important intermediate toward the formation of sulfuric acid (SA, H 2 SO 4 ), which plays a key role in atmospheric new particle formation (NPF). − These oxides of sulfur can also react on organic surfaces generating organo-sulfates (OS), which affect the physicochemical properties of aerosol particles. − The aerosol particles in the atmosphere are well-known to influence climate, air quality, and human health. − Numerous field measurements have shown that OS are present in atmospheric particles in concentrations high enough to affect atmospheric physicochemical processes. ,− It has been estimated that OS contribute to up to 30 and 12% of the organic mass and total sulfur, respectively, at a forest site in Hungary. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Measurements of Covalently Bonded Sulfuric Anhydrides from Gas-Phase Reactions of SO₃ with Acids under Ambient Conditions

Kumar,

Iyer,

Barua

et al. 2024

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

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Sulfur trioxide (SO3) is an important oxide of sulfur and a key intermediate in the formation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4, SA) in the Earth’s atmosphere. This conversion to SA occurs rapidly due to the reaction of SO3 with a water dimer. However, gas-phase SO3 has been measured directly at concentrations that are comparable to that of SA under polluted mega-city conditions, indicating gaps in our current understanding of the sources and fates of SO3. Its reaction with atmospheric acids could be one such fate that can have significant implications for atmospheric chemistry. In the present investigation, laboratory experiments were conducted in a flow reactor to generate a range of previously uncharacterized condensable sulfur-containing reaction products by reacting SO3 with a set of atmospherically relevant inorganic and organic acids at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Specifically, key inorganic acids known to be responsible for most ambient new particle formation events, iodic acid (HIO3, IA) and SA, are observed to react promptly with SO3 to form iodic sulfuric anhydride (IO3SO3H, ISA) and disulfuric acid (H2S2O7, DSA). Carboxylic sulfuric anhydrides (CSAs) were observed to form by the reaction of SO3 with C2 and C3 monocarboxylic (acetic and propanoic acid) and dicarboxylic (oxalic and malonic acid)–carboxylic acids. The formed products were detected by a nitrate-ion-based chemical ionization atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer (NO3 –-CI-APi-TOF; NO3 –-CIMS). Quantum chemical methods were used to compute the relevant SO3 reaction rate coefficients, probe the reaction mechanisms, and model the ionization chemistry inherent in the detection of the products by NO3 –-CIMS. Additionally, we use NO3 –-CIMS ambient data to report that significant concentrations of SO3 and its acid anhydride reaction products are present under polluted, marine and polar, and volcanic plume conditions. Considering that these regions are rich in the acid precursors studied here, the reported reactions need to be accounted for in the modeling of atmospheric new particle formation.

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Sources, Chemistry and Control of Acid Rain in the Environment

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

Breathing chemicals: a review of air pollution over the years

Breathing chemicals: a review of air pollution over the years

Chemophysical and Metallic Characterization of Surface Water and Precipitation for Environmental Quality Assessment in Oyigbo L.G.A., Rivers State, Nigeria

Direct Measurements of Covalently Bonded Sulfuric Anhydrides from Gas-Phase Reactions of SO₃ with Acids under Ambient Conditions

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Sources, Chemistry and Control of Acid Rain in the Environment

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

Breathing chemicals: a review of air pollution over the years

Breathing chemicals: a review of air pollution over the years

Chemophysical and Metallic Characterization of Surface Water and Precipitation for Environmental Quality Assessment in Oyigbo L.G.A., Rivers State, Nigeria

Direct Measurements of Covalently Bonded Sulfuric Anhydrides from Gas-Phase Reactions of SO3 with Acids under Ambient Conditions

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Direct Measurements of Covalently Bonded Sulfuric Anhydrides from Gas-Phase Reactions of SO₃ with Acids under Ambient Conditions