Sources, characteristics and treatment and disposal of industrial wastes containing hexachlorobenzene☆

Quinlivan, Sandra; Ghassemi, Masood; Leshendok, T.

doi:10.1016/0304-3894(75)80006-9

Cited by 30 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Nowadays it can be found, at very low concentrations, only as a byproduct in the manufacture of other chlorinated compounds, especially tetrachloroethylene (TCE) . The possible sources of HCB to the Augusta Port and Bay were two: (i) the chlor-alkali plant itself (due to the reaction of chlorine with graphite anode materials such as carbon and oils) and (ii) the production of TCE from dicloroethane and chlorine, having chlorinated pitches (that may contain up to 10% HCB) as a byproduct . The amount of HCB derived from chlor-alkali plants, as reported in literature, cannot justify the high levels observed in sediments of the Augusta Bay.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Integrated Approach to the Assessment of Pollutant Delivery Chronologies to Impacted Areas: Hg in the Augusta Bay (Italy)

Bellucci

Giuliani

Romano

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Assessing pollution levels and trends in heavily impacted environments is important but hardly achievable due to the difficulty of recovering suitable undisturbed sediment records. An integrated approach is here presented to solve this kind of problem. It was adopted in the Augusta Bay (Italy) for the study of Hg historical inputs and present trends. Archive information on dredging and mud disposal, together with bathymetry and high-resolution seismic profiles, were used to identify suitable sampling sites. Undisturbed sediment cores were collected in the port and bay. Sediments were analyzed for depth distributions of radiotracers ((210)Pb and (137)Cs), Hg, and main sediment parameters (magnetic susceptibility, grain size, dry bulk density, mineralogy, and organic carbon and nitrogen contents). Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was also analyzed as an additional time tracer, since its production history in the area was well-known. Results show that peak Hg contamination (up to 575 mg·kg(-1)) was reached in the 1970s. Technological improvements and waste treatment in the following years determined a consistent decrease, but high concentrations still affect surficial sediments (0.25-92 mg·kg(-1)). Hg-HCB correlation suggests that this situation is likely the effect of resuspension and redistribution of deep sediments by dredging and naval traffic.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Integrated Approach to the Assessment of Pollutant Delivery Chronologies to Impacted Areas: Hg in the Augusta Bay (Italy)

Bellucci

Giuliani

Romano

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…PCP has been detected in the liver, faeces and urine of rats exposed to HCB /21/. The second most important oxidative metabolite is tetrachloro-l, 4 3.1989 Possible Reactive Intermediates in the Oxidative Biotransformation of Hexachlorobenzene chlorothioanisol. Both sulphur containing metabolites are interconvertable by the rat /31 /.…”

Section: The In Vivo Biotransformation Of Hexachlorobenzenementioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Reactive Intermediates in the Oxidative Biotransformation of Hexachlorobenzene

Ommen¹,

Bladeren²

1989

Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions

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In this review the biotransformation of hexachlorobenzene is discussed, with special reference to the possible generation of reactive metabolites or intermediates during this process. Evidence is presented for the direct involvement of certain cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes in the major toxic effect of hexachlorobenzene, hepatic porphyria. The in vivo biotransformation is discussed and compared with in vitro experiments (microsomal and cell culture studies). The possible reactive metabolites and intermediates and their mechanisms of formation are presented. Special attention is directed to a very reactive metabolite, tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone, which has a high capacity to efficiently react with protein, thus possibly linking the oxidative biotransformation of hexachlorobenzene and the molecular mechanism of enzyme inactivation leading to hepatic porphyria.

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“…The presence of HCB in the environment is primarily due to its existence as a contaminant in pesticide formualtions, industrial wastes, and as an undesirable by-product in the synthesis of organochlorine compounds (Mumma and Lawless, 1975;Quinlivan and Chassemi, 1977;Courtney, 1979). Although it is not a naturally occurring chemical (Courtney, 1979), HCB is very persistent once it enters the environment (Beck, 1974;Beall, 1976;Isensee et al, 1976;Plimmer and Klingebiel, 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of dietary hexachlorobenzene exposure on regional brain biogenic amine concentrations in mink and european ferrets

Bleavins

Bursian

Brewster

et al. 1984

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

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In the initial trial, adult mink and ferrets were administered hexachlorobenzene (HCB) via the feed at concentrations of 1, 5, or 25 ppm for 47 wk. Animals receiving 125 and 625 ppm HCB in the diet died before termination of the experiment, with female ferrets at the 125 ppm level displaying abnormal aggressiveness and hyperexcitability just prior to death. Hypothalamic serotonin (5-HT) was significantly elevated at all dose levels in mink, and cerebellar 5-HT was significantly elevated at 1 ppm in the ferret. Regional brain biogenic amine concentrations were also determined in the offspring of the female mink that were administered 1 and 5 ppm HCB. Hypothalamic dopamine (DA) concentrations were significantly depressed by 1 and 5 ppm in these kits. In a second study, adult male and female ferrets were administered 250 or 500 ppm HCB via the diet for 7 wk. Two animals at the 250-ppm level and 3 animals at the 500-ppm level died before termination of the experiment without showing behavioral changes. Of the remaining animals, 3 ferrets at 250 ppm and 1 ferret at 500 ppm showed slight aggressiveness and hyperexcitability during the last week of the experiment. Concentrations of 5-HT were significantly elevated at 500 ppm in the cerebral hemispheres and at 250 ppm in the midbrain of male ferrets, while in the females, 5-HT was elevated in the cerebral hemispheres at 250 ppm and in the hypothalamus at both 250 and 500 ppm. Norepinephrine (NE) concentrations were significantly elevated in the cerebellum of males exposed to 250 and 500 ppm, as were NE concentrations in the midbrain. HCB at 500 ppm caused a significant increase in medullary NE, while 250 ppm caused an increase in hypothalamic NE in males. The only change in regional brain dopamine (DA) concentrations occurred at 500 ppm HCB in the midbrain of males, where there was a significant elevation of this neurotransmitter.

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Sources, characteristics and treatment and disposal of industrial wastes containing hexachlorobenzene☆

Cited by 30 publications

References 3 publications

An Integrated Approach to the Assessment of Pollutant Delivery Chronologies to Impacted Areas: Hg in the Augusta Bay (Italy)

An Integrated Approach to the Assessment of Pollutant Delivery Chronologies to Impacted Areas: Hg in the Augusta Bay (Italy)

Possible Reactive Intermediates in the Oxidative Biotransformation of Hexachlorobenzene

Effects of dietary hexachlorobenzene exposure on regional brain biogenic amine concentrations in mink and european ferrets

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