Source to sink: A review of three decades of progress in the understanding of volcaniclastic processes, deposits, and hazards

Manville, V.; Németh, Károly; Kano, Kazuhiko

doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.04.022

Cited by 259 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 410 publications

(498 reference statements)

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“…There have been considerable advances in the methods used to detect, date and characterise volcaniclastic deposits in the last few decades (Froggatt, 1992;Turney et al, 2004;Blockley et al, 2005;Gehrels et al, 2008;Manville et al 2009;Lowe, 2011). However, subjective elements in the criteria used to identify a tephra layer deposited from an explosive volcanic eruption still remain.…”

Section: Rationale and Aimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…potentially subject to a range of styles of volcaniclastic deposition; Manville et al, 2009). In particular, we critically evaluate the capacity of these techniques to detect visible and invisible volcaniclastic layers, and to distinguish tephra fallout layers from volcaniclastic material deposited via other processes (e.g., derived from pyroclastic density current, lahars, landslides, fluvial action etc.).…”

Section: Page |mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In making such reconstructions, it is important that explosive eruption deposits are correctly identified, and can be discriminated from volcaniclastic sediments deposited via other mechanisms (e.g. Ruddiman and Glover, 1972;Schneider et al, 2001;Trofimovs et al, 2006;Manville et al, 2009;Hunt et al, 2011) If this can be achieved, and if these tephra deposits are preserved within an environment of continuous sediment accumulation, then subaqueous sediment cores can be used to produce explosive eruption records that are more complete, and which have better age-constraints, than those typically derived from subaerial deposits. Marine and lacustrine sediments can thus provide a medium by which to assess the periodicity of eruptions and potential hazards posed by volcanoes, across a range of temporal and spatial scales (McGuire et al, 1997;Pyle et al, 2006;Carel et al, 2011;Kutterolf et al, 2008Kutterolf et al, , 2013Watt et al, 2013;Van Daele et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to avoid erroneous or inconsistent identification of explosive volcanic eruption deposits, it is important that well-defined techniques are adopted for the analysis of volcaniclastic deposits within sediment cores. Inadequate detection techniques may overlook thin or dispersed tephra layers, that are invisible to the naked eye (cryptotephras), or mis-interpret volcaniclastic sediments deposited via other mechanisms (Manville et al, 2009) as tephra fallout layers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Construction of volcanic records from marine sediment cores: A review and case study (Montserrat, West Indies)

Cassidy

Watt

Palmer

et al. 2014

Earth-Science Reviews

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Detailed knowledge of the past history of an active volcano is crucial for the prediction of the timing, frequency and style of future eruptions, and for the identification of potentially at-risk areas. Subaerial volcanic stratigraphies are often incomplete, due to a lack of exposure, or burial and erosion from subsequent eruptions. However, many volcanic eruptions produce widelydispersed explosive products that are frequently deposited as tephra layers in the sea. Cores of marine sediment therefore have the potential to provide more complete volcanic stratigraphies, at least for explosive eruptions. Nevertheless, problems such as bioturbation and dispersal by currents affect the preservation and subsequent detection of marine tephra deposits.Consequently, cryptotephras, in which tephra grains are not sufficiently concentrated to form layers that are visible to the naked eye, may be the only record of many explosive eruptions.Additionally, thin, reworked deposits of volcanic clasts transported by floods and landslides, or during pyroclastic density currents may be incorrectly interpreted as tephra fallout layers, leading to the construction of inaccurate records of volcanism. This work uses samples from the volcanic island of Montserrat as a case study to test different techniques for generating volcanic eruption records from marine sediment cores, with a particular relevance to cores sampled in relatively proximal settings (i.e. tens of kilometres from the volcanic source) where volcaniclastic material may form a pervasive component of the sedimentary sequence. Visible volcaniclastic deposits identified by sedimentological logging were used to test the effectiveness of potential alternative volcaniclastic-deposit detection techniques, including point counting of grain types (component analysis), glass or mineral chemistry, colour spectrophotometry, grain size measurements, XRF core scanning, magnetic susceptibility and X-radiography. This study demonstrates that a set of time-efficient, non-destructive and high-spatial-resolution analyses (e.g. XRF core-scanning and magnetic susceptibility) can be used effectively to detect potential cryptotephra horizons in marine sediment cores. Once these horizons have been sampled, microscope image analysis of volcaniclastic grains can be used successfully to discriminate between tephra fallout deposits and other volcaniclastic deposits, by using specific criteria Page | 3 related to clast morphology and sorting. Standard practice should be employed when analysing marine sediment cores to accurately identify both visible tephra and cryptotephra deposits, and to distinguish fallout deposits from other volcaniclastic deposits.

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Section: Rationale and Aimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Page |mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Construction of volcanic records from marine sediment cores: A review and case study (Montserrat, West Indies)

Cassidy

Watt

Palmer

et al. 2014

Earth-Science Reviews

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“…Furthermore, the determination of the provenance of fluvial and mass-flow deposits, arising from the volcanic ring plain itself (Manville et al, 2009, and references therein) or rivers in distal reaches, can also be problematic. In lava flows, both vesicle and crystal preferred orientations have been used extensively for this purpose (e.g., Waters, 1960;Smith and Rhodes, 1972;Walker, 1989;Cashman and Kauahikaua, 1997;Manga, 1998;Iezzi and Ventura, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paleocurrent direction measurements in a volcanic setting by means of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility: A case study from the Lower Miocene Tepoztlán Formation (Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Central Mexico)

Lenhardt

Böhnel

Hinderer

et al. 2013

Sedimentary Geology

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Sources of ancient volcanic rocks are often unknown if they are either eroded and/or covered by younger deposits. This problem, as well as the provenance of reworked volcaniclastic, fluvial and mass-flow deposits, can be partially solved by the application of anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility (AMS). For massive and poorly sorted volcaniclastic rocks in particular this may be the only way of finding reliable transport directions and therefore allowing for paleogeographic reconstructions. Here, we present a data set of 428 AMS measurements and 249 measurements of sedimentary paleocurrent indicators from the Miocene Tepoztlán Formation at the southern edge of the Transmexican Volcanic Belt (Central Mexico). The highest degree of reliability of AMS measurements is gained for data from lava samples and the lowest from mass flows. Sedimentary structures in sandstones and conglomerates such as trough cross-stratification, asymmetric ripple marks, and the shape of scours and channels could be used to calibrate the results from AMS data and to prove their reliability. AMS data on fluvial deposits point to a drainage system with a W-E flow direction, indicating an outflow of the river system into the ancient Gulf of Mexico.Keywords: Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility; paleocurrent direction; volcaniclastic; Transmexican Volcanic Belt; Miocene; Mexico 3 In ancient volcanic settings, one challenge in the investigation of volcanic and volcaniclastic deposits is the determination of source vent locations, since former volcanic centers may be either eroded and/or covered by younger deposits. Furthermore, the determination of the provenance of fluvial and mass-flow deposits, arising from the volcanic ring plain itself (Manville et al., 2009, and references therein) or rivers in distal reaches, can also be problematic. In lava flows, both vesicle and crystal preferred orientations have been used extensively for this purpose (e.g., Waters, 1960;Smith and Rhodes, 1972;Walker, 1989;Cashman and Kauahikaua, 1997;Manga, 1998;Iezzi and Ventura, 2002). However, petrological structures such as foliation and lineation due to the movement of a lava flow are often difficult to observe and measure (Bascou et al., 2005). Massive pyroclastic rocks such as ignimbrites and block-and-ash flow deposits rarely show any measurable alignment or structure that can help determine flow direction. However, the magnetic fabric can be used to determine their paleocurrent direction, and the speed, precision, cheapness and range of applicability make it unique in this regard (Tarling and Hrouda, 1993).All materials, even if they do not acquire remanent magnetization, have a magnetic susceptibility (Liu et al., 2001), which is not always isotropic in the rock (Ising, 1942). This spatial susceptibility variation is defined as the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and reflects the preferred orientation of magnetic minerals in the rock or sediments, i.e. its magnetic fabric (Hrouda, 1982;Tarling and Hrouda, 1993), which yields thr...

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Increased rates of large‐magnitude explosive eruptions in Japan in the late Neogene and Quaternary

Mahony

Sparks

Wallace

et al. 2016

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Tephra layers in marine sediment cores from scientific ocean drilling largely record high‐magnitude silicic explosive eruptions in the Japan arc for up to the last 20 million years. Analysis of the thickness variation with distance of 180 tephra layers from a global data set suggests that the majority of the visible tephra layers used in this study are the products of caldera‐forming eruptions with magnitude (M) > 6, considering their distances at the respective drilling sites to their likely volcanic sources. Frequency of visible tephra layers in cores indicates a marked increase in rates of large magnitude explosive eruptions at ∼8 Ma, 6–4 Ma, and further increase after ∼2 Ma. These changes are attributed to major changes in tectonic plate interactions. Lower rates of large magnitude explosive volcanism in the Miocene are related to a strike‐slip‐dominated boundary (and temporary cessation or deceleration of subduction) between the Philippine Sea Plate and southwest Japan, combined with the possibility that much of the arc in northern Japan was submerged beneath sea level partly due to previous tectonic extension of northern Honshu related to formation of the Sea of Japan. Changes in plate motions and subduction dynamics during the ∼8 Ma to present period led to (1) increased arc‐normal subduction in southwest Japan (and resumption of arc volcanism) and (2) shift from extension to compression of the upper plate in northeast Japan, leading to uplift, crustal thickening and favorable conditions for accumulation of the large volumes of silicic magma needed for explosive caldera‐forming eruptions.

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Source to sink: A review of three decades of progress in the understanding of volcaniclastic processes, deposits, and hazards

Cited by 259 publications

References 410 publications

Construction of volcanic records from marine sediment cores: A review and case study (Montserrat, West Indies)

Construction of volcanic records from marine sediment cores: A review and case study (Montserrat, West Indies)

Paleocurrent direction measurements in a volcanic setting by means of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility: A case study from the Lower Miocene Tepoztlán Formation (Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Central Mexico)

Increased rates of large‐magnitude explosive eruptions in Japan in the late Neogene and Quaternary

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