Source identification, spatial distribution and ozone formation potential of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) emissions in Zarand, an industrial city of southeastern Iran

Malakootian, Mohammad; Maleki, Sobhan; Rajabi, Saeed; Hasanzadeh, Fatemeh; Nasiri, Alireza; Mohammdi, Amir; Faraji, Maryam

doi:10.18502/japh.v7i3.10537

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…These results indicate that the benzene exceedance rate is high at soil sampling points, and the spatial distribution of benzene and toluene is extensive, with the pollution depth of benzene significantly influenced by the depth of groundwater. m/p-xylene < toluene [44]. Abdel-Rahman et al also demonstrated in their study benzene was one of the most detected and excessive pollutants in soil samples at t site.…”

Section: Pollution Characteristics and Spatial Distribution Of Btex I...mentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Malakootian et al monitored BTEX at 30 independent locations in Zarand, Kermam, southeastern Iran. The order of the detection rates for BTEX were: benzene < ethylbenzene < o-xylene < m/p-xylene < toluene [44]. Abdel-Rahman et al also demonstrated in their study that benzene was one of the most detected and excessive pollutants in soil samples at their site.…”

Section: Pollution Characteristics and Spatial Distribution Of Btex I...mentioning

confidence: 89%

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An Analysis of the Spatial Characteristics and Transport Fluxes of BTEX in Soil and Atmospheric Phases at a Decommissioned Steel Mill Site in China with a Long History

Li,

Xie,

Ding

et al. 2023

Toxics

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BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), as characteristic pollutants in chemical plant sites, are widely present in the environment and pose a serious threat to the health and safety of nearby residents. Studying the spatial distribution characteristics and transport fluxes of BTEX in soil and air at contaminated sites and the health risks they pose to humans is of great significance for fine pollution control and environmental management. This study took a typical decommissioned steel plant as a case study. A total of 23 soil and air samples were collected from different locations to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of BTEX in soil and air. The transport and fate of BTEX in soil and air were evaluated using the fugacity model, and finally, a human health risk assessment was conducted. The results indicate a relatively severe level of benzene pollution in both soil and air. The maximum exceedance factor of benzene in soil samples is 31.5, with the concentration exceedance depth at 1.5 m. The maximum concentration of benzene in air samples is 4.98 μg·m−3. Benzene, at 5.9% of the site, shows a low flux with negative values, while other components at various locations all exhibit a trend of transport from the soil phase to the atmospheric phase. Benzene is the pollutant that contributes the most to the transport flux from soil to air within the site. The coking area and sewage treatment area are key areas within the steel mill where BTEX accumulate easily in the soil. The non-carcinogenic risk values of the individual components of BTEX in the soil are below the acceptable risk level. However, the carcinogenic risk value of benzene in the children’s exposure scenario exceeds the carcinogenic risk level of 10−6. The carcinogenic risk range of various components of BTEX in the air is 2.63 × 10−6~3.88 × 10−5, with 28.6% of the locations exceeding the threshold of 10−6. The range of the total HI (hazard index) is 2.08 × 10−4~1.81 × 10−1, all of which is below the safety threshold of 1. The results of this study will provide scientific support for the fine pollution control and environmental management of industrial contaminated sites with BTEX as their typical pollutants.

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Section: Pollution Characteristics and Spatial Distribution Of Btex I...mentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Pollution Characteristics and Spatial Distribution Of Btex I...mentioning

confidence: 89%

An Analysis of the Spatial Characteristics and Transport Fluxes of BTEX in Soil and Atmospheric Phases at a Decommissioned Steel Mill Site in China with a Long History

Li,

Xie,

Ding

et al. 2023

Toxics

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“…Once in the atmosphere, its presence, influenced by meteorological conditions, contributes to the formation of smog along with other pollutants [9]. Ethylene (C2H4) is an organic compound recognized as a greenhouse gas released from plastic [10].…”

Section: Of 18mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Benzene is a known carcinogen, and exposure to high levels of toluene and ethylene can also have health implications. Ethylene, benzene, and toluene are VOCs emitted by various sources, including vehicle exhaust, industrial activities, and natural sources such as vegetation [8,9,11,13]. At the same time, as is known, ozone is not directly emitted, rather, it forms in the atmosphere through photochemical reactions involving precursor pollutants, primarily NOx and VOCs [18].…”

Section: Atmospheric Ozone Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Variations in Urban Air Pollution during a 2021 Field Campaign: A Case Study of Ethylene, Benzene, Toluene, and Ozone Levels in Southern Romania

Petrus,

Popa,

Bratu

2024

Sustainability

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This study focused on quantifying the gas concentrations of ethylene, benzene, toluene, and ozone within an urban area in the southern region of Romania. The gas sampling campaign, conducted between March and August 2021, took place in three different locations from the point of view of the architectural structure, and the sampling height was 1.5 m. Sampling occurred on weekdays (Monday through Friday) during daylight hours, with subsequent concentration analysis employing descriptive statistics, diurnal cycles, and seasonal assessments. A highly sensitive and selective detector, employing laser photoacoustic spectroscopy, was utilized to monitor pollutants. The average concentrations (±Standard Deviation) were determined as follows: ethylene at 116.82 ± 82.37 parts per billion (ppb), benzene at 1.13 ± 0.32 ppb, toluene at 5.48 ± 3.27 ppb, and ozone at 154.75 ± 68.02 ppb, with peak levels observed during the summer months. Diurnal patterns were observable for ethylene, benzene, and toluene, exhibiting higher concentrations during the early hours of the day followed by a decrease towards the evening. In contrast, ozone concentrations peaked in the evening compared to the early part of the day. Thus, perceptible effects were demonstrated on gas concentrations as a result of the influence of meteorological variables. Moreover, the high toluene/benzene ratio indicated traffic and industrial emissions as primary sources of these pollutants. Of the four gases monitored, benzene and ozone exceeded regulatory limits, particularly during the summer season, highlighting concerns regarding air quality in the studied urban environment.

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“…Air pollution is the presence of substances in the air in concentrations that have adverse effects on people, animals, and plants. These substances may be mixtures of solid and liquid particles (particulate matters such as PM 2.5 and PM 10 ), gases (such as NO 2 , NO, SO 2 , O 3 ), biological aerosols, or atmospheric agents biological aerosols, or atmospheric agents that can be dispersed, transported, or deformed at any time (Khafaie et al, 2016;Malakootian et al, 2022). The scale of the problem is expanding rapidly due to the high urbanization rate (Bayat et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Concentrations, Seasonal Variations and Health Risk Assessment of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and SO 2 in Tehran Metropolis, Iran

Ahmadian,

Rajabi,

Azhdarpoor

2023

Preprint

Self Cite

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This study assessed seasonal and annual variations as well as the health risks associated with exposure to PM2.5, PM10, and SO2 in the ambient air of Tehran from 2019 to 2021. The findings revealed that the average annual concentration of PM2.5, PM10, and SO2 varied from 28.24 to 32.34 µg/m3, 69.57 to 82.22 µg/m3, and 14.94 to 17.98 µg/m3, respectively. The amounts of PM2.5 and SO2 were the greatest in the west and southwest, while PM10 was the most abundant in the east and northeast which were above WHO guidelines. In exposure duration scenarios of 8 and 12 hours, the mean hazard quotient (HQ) for PM2.5 and PM10 was >1, suggesting an unacceptable risk to human health. There was no risk to human health according to the mean HQ for SO2 at all exposure periods of 3, 8, and 12 hours. Further evidence that exposure time plays a significant part in health hazards was provided by the fact that the mean HQ values of exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 in exposure times of 3 hours were both <1. The Sobol sensitivity analysis revealed that the PM2.5 concentration in HQ was the most sensitive indicator of the populace.

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Source identification, spatial distribution and ozone formation potential of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) emissions in Zarand, an industrial city of southeastern Iran

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

An Analysis of the Spatial Characteristics and Transport Fluxes of BTEX in Soil and Atmospheric Phases at a Decommissioned Steel Mill Site in China with a Long History

An Analysis of the Spatial Characteristics and Transport Fluxes of BTEX in Soil and Atmospheric Phases at a Decommissioned Steel Mill Site in China with a Long History

Temporal Variations in Urban Air Pollution during a 2021 Field Campaign: A Case Study of Ethylene, Benzene, Toluene, and Ozone Levels in Southern Romania

Atmospheric Concentrations, Seasonal Variations and Health Risk Assessment of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and SO 2 in Tehran Metropolis, Iran

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