Source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil sediments: Application of different methods

Rocha, A. Cristina S.; Palma, Carla

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.014

Cited by 50 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Nevertheless, it should be noted that these and other ratios have several limitations [71]. In fact, relative proportions of the organic compounds are usually assumed to be conserved between each emission source and the downwind measurement point [65], and they do not take into account possible alterations of the target compounds in soil (biodegradation, etc.). This implies that the diagnostic ratio results should preferably be used as a guiding methodology to reinforce a hypothesis and not as a conclusive tool.…”

Section: Pah Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzo[a]pyrene sourcing and abundance in a coal region in transition reveals historical pollution, rendering soil screening levels impractical

Boente

Baragaño

Gallego

2020

Environmental Pollution

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found pervasively in various environmental compartments, such as soils, water, air and sediments [2, 13, 68]. In this regard, several studies have demonstrated that the number of humans exposed to PAHs through soils is higher than through air or water [45, 51, 73]. Given that these compounds are carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and toxic to all living organisms, there is a need to monitor their concentration in soils [6, 56]. PAHs are listed as priority pollutants by the European Union and the United States Environmental Protection Agency [14, 20, 55], and they are becoming increasingly studied and tracked in soils worldwide [1, 11, 23, 64]. PAHs are often divided into 16 priority compounds. Among them, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the most hazardous because of its carcinogenic and mutagenic properties and its persistence and bioaccumulation in the environment [66, 78]. Consequently, the European Union established in 2004 an atmospheric target value of 1 ng/m 3 for BaP [18]. Regarding soils, Spanish legislation set out Risk-Based Soil Screening Levels (RBSSLs) for organic contaminants, based on toxicity parameters and land use. In this regard, these limits for BaP in soils are: 2 mg•kg − 1 for industrial use; 0.2 mg•kg − 1 for urban use; and 0.02 mg•kg − 1 for other uses (those that are neither urban nor industrial and that are suitable for agricultural, forestry and livestock-raising activities as defined in [62]). PAHs can be natural or anthropogenic. Natural sources comprise incomplete natural combustion of carbon-containing fuel such as coal or wood (wildfires), or even volcanic eruptions and petroleum input in oil seeps [76]. On the other hand, energy production, industrial emissions, waste incineration, car exhausts, and biomass burning are common examples of anthropogenic sources [15, 74]. Another remarkable source of PAHs is coal mining since this activity involves the massive use of this fossil fuel for energy production in power stations and also coal waste accumulation and coal processing, which have also led to soil pollution by PAHs around the world [29, 30, 52]. Sources of PAHs can be studied using specific molecular ratios [33, 73]. In addition, multivariate statistical methods, such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), can unravel relationships between inorganic and organic pollutants [47, 70]. Finally, geostatistical methods (e.g. kriging, inverse-distance weighting (IDW)) allow the characterization and

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Section: Pah Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzo[a]pyrene sourcing and abundance in a coal region in transition reveals historical pollution, rendering soil screening levels impractical

Boente

Baragaño

Gallego

2020

Environmental Pollution

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“…Fast-formed isomers dominate PAHs produced today via combustion or pyrolysis, regardless of fuel source, whereas the more stable isomers dominate PAHs from unburned fossil carbon inputs, including coal, oil, kerogen, and other petrogenic sources (43,(71)(72)(73)(74). On geological timescales, thermal maturation of firederived organic matter favors thermodynamic isomers that eventually overprint the abundance of kinetic isomers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Petrogenic PAHs have negative APDI values (less than −10), while pyrogenic samples express positive APDI values (>10), and mixed source samples have values close to 0. While weathering can affect alkylated homolog distributions through the loss of parent PAHs (71,77), it is possible to distinguish the underlying pyrogenic and petrogenic distributions using the APDI (67). At site M0077, pyrene APDI values averaged −20.9 ± 2.5 (mean ± σ) within the K-Pg boundary interval, which demonstrates alkylated PAHs came from a fossil carbon source.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic matter from the Chicxulub crater exacerbated the K–Pg impact winter

Lyons

Karp

Bralower

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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An asteroid impact in the Yucatán Peninsula set off a sequence of events that led to the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) mass extinction of 76% species, including the nonavian dinosaurs. The impact hit a carbonate platform and released sulfate aerosols and dust into Earth’s upper atmosphere, which cooled and darkened the planet—a scenario known as an impact winter. Organic burn markers are observed in K–Pg boundary records globally, but their source is debated. If some were derived from sedimentary carbon, and not solely wildfires, it implies soot from the target rock also contributed to the impact winter. Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Chicxulub crater sediments and at two deep ocean sites indicate a fossil carbon source that experienced rapid heating, consistent with organic matter ejected during the formation of the crater. Furthermore, PAH size distributions proximal and distal to the crater indicate the ejected carbon was dispersed globally by atmospheric processes. Molecular and charcoal evidence indicates wildfires were also present but more delayed and protracted and likely played a less acute role in biotic extinctions than previously suggested. Based on stratigraphy near the crater, between 7.5 × 1014 and 2.5 × 1015 g of black carbon was released from the target and ejected into the atmosphere, where it circulated the globe within a few hours. This carbon, together with sulfate aerosols and dust, initiated an impact winter and global darkening that curtailed photosynthesis and is widely considered to have caused the K–Pg mass extinction.

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“…Most PAHs are believed to originate from pyrogenic sources such as volcanoes and the combustion of petroleum products and plant materials (Gennadiev and Tsibart, 2013). PAHs of diagenetic or biogenic origin include those formed by plants, algae, microorganisms and phytoplankton or during slow alterations of organic matter (Rocha and Palma, 2019). PAHs are derived from the incomplete combustion of organic matter, such as transportation fuel, emissions from power plants and petroleum spills, coal mining, and other anthropogenic sources.…”

Section: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive review of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water sources, their effects and treatments

Mojiri

Zhou

Ohashi

et al. 2019

Science of The Total Environment

409

154

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are principally derived from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. This study investigated the occurrence of PAHs in aquatic environments around the world, their effects on the environment and humans, and methods for their removal. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have a great negative impact on the environment and humans, and can even cause cancer in humans. Use of good methods and equipment are essential to monitoring PAHs, and GC/MS and HPLC are usually used for their analysis in aqueous solutions. In aquatic environments, the PAHs concentrations range widely from 0.03 ng/L (seawater; Southeastern Japan Sea, Japan) to 8,310,000 ng/L (Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant, Siloam, South Africa). Moreover, bioaccumulation of ∑16PAHs in fish has been reported to range from 11.2 ng/L (Cynoscion guatucupa, South Africa) to 4207.5 ng/L (Saurida undosquamis, Egypt). Several physical/chemical and biological techniques have been reported to treat water contaminated by PAHs, but adsorption and combined treatment methods have shown better removal performance, with some methods removing up to 99.99% of PAHs.

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Source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil sediments: Application of different methods

Cited by 50 publications

References 27 publications

Benzo[a]pyrene sourcing and abundance in a coal region in transition reveals historical pollution, rendering soil screening levels impractical

Benzo[a]pyrene sourcing and abundance in a coal region in transition reveals historical pollution, rendering soil screening levels impractical

Organic matter from the Chicxulub crater exacerbated the K–Pg impact winter

Comprehensive review of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water sources, their effects and treatments

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