Source Apportionment of Sediment PAHs in Lake Calumet, Chicago:  Application of Factor Analysis with Nonnegative Constraints

Abstract

A factor analysis model with nonnegative constraints (FA) was used to apportion the sources of PAHs found in sediments of Lake Calumet and surrounding wetlands in southeast Chicago. Source profiles and contributions, with uncertainties, are determined with no prior knowledge of sources. The model includes scaling and backscaling of data with average PAH concentrations without sample normalization. This work is a follow-up to a study that used a chemical mass balance (CMB8.2) model to apportion sources to the same data set. Literature source profiles, modified based on gas/particle partitioning of individual PAHs, from eight PAH sources were considered for comparison. FA results for a two-source solution indicate coke oven (45%) and traffic (55%) are the primary PAH sources to Lake Calumet sediments. A six-source FA solution indicates that coke oven (47%) and traffic (45%) related sources are major PAH sources and wood burning-coal residential (2.3%) is a minor PAH source. From the six-source solution, two coke oven profiles are observed, a standard coke oven profile (33%), and a degraded or second coke oven profile (14%) low in phenanthrene and pyrene. Observed traffic related sources include gasoline engine (36%) exhaust and traffic tunnel air (9.3%). This work supports the previous study of Lake Calumet PAHs by CMB model. In addition, FA provides new insights since wood burning and secondary coke oven profiles were not recognized in the CMB model.

Partitioning and sources of PAHs in wastewater receiving streams of Tianjin, China

“…6. Comparing with the sediments, PAHs in soils was low in Fluo, Pyr, and BaP, but enriched with BbF, BghiP, and Ind, which indicated more contribution of coking and vehicular sources to PAHs in soils than to those in sediments (Bzdusek and Christensen 2004;Zuo et al 2007). Compared with sediment, SPM analysis could only explain a short-term contamination source especially in wet season (Shi et al 2007).…”

“…Further comparison between PAHs compositions in sediments and soils were carried out by comparing the PAHs profiles which were generated using the same procedure described in the previous literatures (Li et al 2003;Bzdusek and Christensen 2004). In brief, the concentrations of PAHs were normalized to that of BaP.…”

Sedimentary record of PAHs in the Barigui River and its relation to the socioeconomic development of Curitiba, Brazil

“…By contrast, petrogenic PAHs are produced when organic matter is matured over geological time through a geothermal gradient (Wan et al, 2005). The contribution of PAHs derived by microbial activity is considered small and has not yet been fully described (Bzdusek et al, 2004;Opuene et al, 2007;Soclo et al, 2000).…”

Nature and sources of particle associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the atmospheric environment of an urban area

“…This is the reason why it is important to discern the main pollution sources affecting air quality. In this way, receptor models have been widely used (Bzdusek et al, 2004;Kim et al, 2003;Park et al, 2011;Xie et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2012) as tools that assess contributions from various sources based on observations at sampling sites.…”