Source Apportionment of PM10 in Four Cities of Northeastern China

Abstract

Ambient particulate matter with the aerodynamics diameter less than 10 μm (PM 10 ) was sampled in four northeastern Chinese cities (Shenyang, Anshan, Fushun and Huludao) , organic and total carbon were determined. In addition, chemical source profiles consisting of the same particulate components were obtained from a number of naturally occurring geological sources (soil dust from exposed lands and marine salt) and sources of atmospheric particulates resulting from human activities (construction derived dust, coal combustion fly ash, iron and steel manufacturing dust, zinc dust, vehicle exhaust, and sulfate). Chemical mass balance modeling (CMB) was applied to determine the particulate matter (PM) sources and their contributions to PM 10 in these four cities. The results showed that soil dust and coal fly ash were the major sources of ambient PM 10 in all four cities. The construction derived dust, iron and steel manufacturing dust also was the major source of PM 10 in Huludao, Anshan, respectively. Higher contribution of iron and steel manufacturing dust (33.3 μg/m 3 , 20.9%) in Anshan was observed in this study, compared with previous studies. The zinc dust was a special PM source of Huludao, with a contribution of 19.1 μg/m 3 (7.0%) to PM 10 .

Characterization of PM10 Sources and Ambient Air Concentration Levels at Megalopolis City (Southern Greece) Located in the Vicinity of Lignite-Fired Plants

“…In the same area, fine fly ash particles have been also identified in large distances from their source (up to 30 km), whereas coarser can be observed mainly in the vicinity of the power plants ( Iordanidis et al, 2007). In some cases fly ash (both coal combustion fly ash and industrial emission) can contribute up to 35.6% of the total PM 10 mass (Ni et al, 2012). The mean BC concentration was 1.05 μg/m 3 with a standard deviation of 0.57 μg/m 3 and ranged from 0.16 to 2.61μg/m 3 .…”

Statistical Modeling Approaches for PM10 Prediction in Urban Areas; A Review of 21st-Century Studies

“…Particles with a diameter of less than 10 µm constitute the so-called inhalable fraction of particles, which are able to reach the bronchi-tracheal area [2]. PM 10 is made up of a variety of solid and liquid substances derived from natural sources (e.g., volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and marine salts) and human activities (e.g., central heating, industry, construction works, vehicular traffic, domestic heating, and incinerators) [2][3][4]. From a chemical point of view, a complex mixture of organic and inorganic carbon, metals (lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, chrome, nickel, and vanadium), nitrates, sulphates and phosphates are present in the particulates [2].…”

“…The major primary sources of PM 10 in urban areas are road traffic (e.g., carbonaceous compounds from exhaust emissions [6], re-suspension of road dust [7], and tyre abrasion [8]) and combustion processes. Secondary particles are mainly formed by the condensation of vapors, or chemical reactions such as atmospheric oxidation of SO 2 to H 2 SO 4 , and NO 2 to HNO 3 [9]. PM 10 concentration in urban areas is the result of a combination of regional background, urban and traffic concentrations [8,[10][11][12][13].…”

Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in an Urban Environment in Beijing

“…Source apportionment methods have thus been developed for this purpose. These methods include positive matrix factorization (PMF) (Oh et al, 2011;Gugamsetty et al, 2012), principal component analysis (PCA) (Lee and Hieu, 2011), chemical mass balance (CMB) (Ni et al, 2012), UNMIX (Murillo et al, 2012), etc. Among these methods, PMF is a powerful and widely used multivariate method that can resolve the dominant positive factors without prior knowledge of sources (Cohen et al, 2010;Mooibroek et al, 2011).…”