Sound velocities and thermodynamic properties of water to 700 MPa and −10 to 100 °C

Abstract

Sound velocities in liquid water were measured by the method of impulsive stimulated scattering in a sapphire-windowed high-pressure cell from -10 to 100 degrees C and pressures as high as 700 MPa. Velocity measurements are compared with previous experimental efforts relative to the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS-95) formulation for the equations of state. At 0 and -10 degrees C, sound velocities are in agreement with the one previously published study at sub-zero temperatures to 350 MPa. At ambient and elevated temperatures, differences between the present measurements and IAPWS-95 velocities approach 0.5% near 700 MPa. Inversion of velocity data for density yields results within IAPWS-95 uncertainties, except at the highest temperatures, where elevated sound velocity at high pressure corresponds to as much as -0.2% disagreement with IAPWS-95.

Density, Speed of Sound, Compressibility, and Excess Properties of Carbon Dioxide + n-Dodecane Binary Mixtures from 10 to 70 MPa

“…The speed of sound w in the liquid mixture was determined by measuring the time delay Δ t between both reflected echoes by using a digital overlap method described in a previous paper . The difference in acoustic path length Δ l required for converting time delay to speed of sound was determined through calibration with water. − The temperature was measured directly into the fluid with an uncertainty of 0.1 K and the pressure was measured by using a pressure gauge in direct contact with the fluid inside the measurement cell so as to avoid isolating a part of the fluid from the sensing area and thus avoid modification of the feed composition. The pressure sensor was calibrated as a function of temperature against a primary standard pressure sensor with an uncertainty better than 0.02% on the full scale.…”

Speed of Sound, Density, and Derivative Properties of Tris(2-ethylhexyl) Trimellitate under High Pressure

“…The difference in path length Δ L is calibrated with water as for this reference component reliable data were reported. − During calibration, the effects of dilation and compression on the acoustic wave sensor were taken into account by considering a linear behavior in both temperature and pressure: The path length difference Δ L 0 at the reference temperature ( T 0 = 293.15 K) and pressure ( P 0 = 0.1013 MPa) as well as a and b parameters are estimated by calibration with water. The uncertainty of the path length calibrated in this way is evaluated to 0.02% by combining the uncertainty in speed of sound data with uncertainty measurements involved in the calibration (Δ t water , T , p ).…”

Geophysical Properties of the Near Surface Earth: Seismic Properties

“…and provided Wilson's (1959) empirical regression for the speed of sound V w (longitudinal wave in m s À1 ) in pure water (Chen and Millero, 1976), whereas in the laboratory, the more recent correlation models (Lemmon et al, 2012a;Wagner and Pruss, 2002) or more recent formulas (Belogol'skii et al, 1999;Lin and Trusler, 2012;Vance and Brown, 2010) may be preferable if greater accuracy is desired. That said, the adiabatic bulk modulus predicted using eqns [39] and [40] from Batzle and Wang (1992) agrees well with other models (Figure 8).…”