Sound Propagation Outdoors--Improved Prediction Schemes for the 80s

Embleton, T. F. W.

doi:10.3397/1.2832198

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The received noise level for a given noise source also depends on differences in propagation conditions, a result of differences in atmospheric wind and temperature structure (Piercy et al 1977, Embleton 1982, White and Gilbert 1989, Larsson and Israelsson 1991, Li et al 1994. At distances of several kilometers, received noise levels can vary by as much as 50 dB due to changes in meteorological conditions (White et al 1993).…”

Section: Noise Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of red‐cockaded woodpeckers to military training operations

Delaney

Pater

Carlile

et al. 2011

Wildlife Monographs

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Military lands are a valuable resource in recovery of threatened, endangered, and at-risk species worldwide and have the highest density of threatened and endangered species of all major land management agencies in the United States. Many red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) that reside on federal lands occur on 15 military installations in the southeastern United States. This close association has increased concern over potential conflicts between conservation requirements of endangered species and the military's mission of combat readiness. Our objectives were to 1) determine if military training operations affect behavior, reproductive success, and productivity of red-cockaded woodpeckers; 2) develop a frequency-weighting function to assess woodpecker hearing sensitivity; 3) identify factors that affect woodpecker responses to military training operations; 4) develop distance and dose-response thresholds for quantifying woodpecker responses to noise levels and stimulus distances; 5) characterize military training operations through quantification of sound levels, source identification, distance from active woodpecker nests, frequency spectra, duration, and frequency of occurrence; and 6) document baseline woodpecker nesting behavior. We conducted our study on the Fort Stewart Military Installation located in southeast Georgia, USA.Downy woodpeckers, as surrogates for red-cockaded woodpeckers, had their best hearing sensitivity within the peak range of the power spectrum of both downy and red-cockaded woodpecker vocalizations, which is at a higher frequency than that of a typical passerine. Overall, woodpeckers had a reduced auditory sensitivity relative to human hearing sensitivity and other species of small birds, especially in the frequency range >4 kHz. Woodpeckers were most sensitive in the 1.5-to 4.0-kHz range. Sensitivity appeared to drop off quickly at frequencies <1.0 kHz and >4.0 kHz. Overall, we did not find that the woodpecker-frequency-weighting function we developed provided a better predictor of woodpecker flush response compared with A-weighting. More research is needed to better understand the relationship between frequency-weighting functions and woodpecker response behavior.Potential breeding groups of woodpeckers across the population increased from 158 in 1997 to 181 in 2000, wheras nesting groups increased from 141 in 1998 to 170 in 2000, for overall increases of 14.6% and 20.6%, respectively, over the 3 years of this project. Fledging success rates for individual nests within the overall population remained consistent from 1998 to 2000, averaging 84.4%. Mean clutch sizes for woodpecker groups for 1998 to 2000 ranged from 2.75 to 3.01 eggs/nest, brood size ranged from 2.01 to 2.22 nestlings/nest, whereas the average number of young fledged ranged from 1.57 to 1.76 young/ occupied nest. We observed no difference in reproductive success or productivity between experimental and control-tested red-cockaded woodpecker groups. Overall, experimental test groups produced an average of 2.98...

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Section: Noise Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of red‐cockaded woodpeckers to military training operations

Delaney

Pater

Carlile

et al. 2011

Wildlife Monographs

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“…12,13 Ground attenuation, barrier attenuation, and atmospheric absorption are frequency dependent. The use of a single frequency, 500 Hz in the case of STAMINA 2.0, to represent an ''equivalent'' frequency for traffic noise is another potential source of error.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of STAMINA 2.0 using the ORNAMENT ground attenuation algorithm

Herman

1996

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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The United States Federal Highway Administration ͑FHWA͒ computer program STAMINA 2.0 was evaluated with the ground attenuation algorithm used in the Ontario Road Noise Analysis Method for Environment and Transportation ͑ORNAMENT͒. The goal: To determine this method's potential to improve noise level predictions at receivers located near traffic roadways with barriers in the propagation path. The study of 41 sites indicated that this method reduced the mean overprediction of noise levels from 2.6 dB using STAMINA 2.0 alone, to 0.5 dB using STAMINA 2.0 with the ORNAMENT ground attenuation algorithm.

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“…For a given sound source, the received sound level also depends on differences in propagation conditions, a result of differences in atmospheric wind and temperature structure. It is well known that at distances of several kilometers, received sound level can vary by as much as 50 dB above and below the mean due to changes in meteorological conditions (Piercy et al 1977;Pater 198 1;Embleton 1982;White and Gilbert 1989;Larsson and Isrealsson 1991;White et al 1993;Li et al 1994). Differences in received sound level can also be due to orientation of the sound source relative to the receiving animal.…”

Section: Forest Versus Meadow Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sound recordings of road maintenance equipment on the Lincoln National Forest, New Mexico

Delaney¹,

Grubb²

2004

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The purpose of this pilot study was to record, characterize, and quantify road maintenance activity in Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) habitat to gauge potential sound level exposure for owls during road maintenance activities. We measured sound levels from three different types of road maintenance equipment (rock crusherlloader, dozerlroller, and grader), from seven distances (30,60, 120, 180,240,320, and 400 m), in two different habitat types (forested and meadow sites) on the Lincoln National Forest, New Mexico, on 22-23 October 2002 to determine how sound varied over distance, habitat type, topography, and stimulus type. Sound levels increased as the distance between road maintenance activity and microphone locations decreased, regardless of stimulus type or habitat type. Concomitantly, the amount of sound energy within the middle frequency range decreased substantially with increasing stimulus distance from microphone locations. The frequency range over which owls can potentially hear road maintenance events decreased with increasing stimulus distance. Sound recordings of road maintenance equipment were louder at tree microphones than at base microphones, regardless of stimulus distance, stimulus type, and site location. The difference in sound levels between tree and base microphones at each distance was consistently louder at meadow sites (tree microphones were located in trees along the edge of the meadow during testing at the meadow site) compared with forested sites, regardless of stimulus type or stimulus distance. Tree microphones registered a greater proportion of sound energy from road maintenance activities in the middle frequency range than at base microphones, regardless of stimulus type, stimulus distance or site location. Sound level and frequency spectra varied by stimulus type. Rock crushing equipment registered the highest sound levels of any of the road maintenance equipment tested, regardless of stimulus distance or habitat type. Rock crushing equipment had the greatest amount of sound energy in the middle frequency range of all the road maintenance equipment tested, followed by the dozerlroller and the grader, regardless of stimulus distance or habitat type. Road maintenance equipment was consistently louder than background ambient forest and meadow sound levels over a range of distances from 30 to 400 m. The extended duration of both rock crusher sound and the multiple passes required of the grader and dozerlroller are additional, potentially negative considerations. Based on our previous sound research with this species, it appears that spotted owls are capable of hearing all the sound sources tested during this pilot study out to distances of at least 400 m.

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Sound Propagation Outdoors--Improved Prediction Schemes for the 80s

Cited by 18 publications

References 5 publications

Response of red‐cockaded woodpeckers to military training operations

Response of red‐cockaded woodpeckers to military training operations

An evaluation of STAMINA 2.0 using the ORNAMENT ground attenuation algorithm

Sound recordings of road maintenance equipment on the Lincoln National Forest, New Mexico

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