Sorption of Fumigants

Lubatti, O. F.

doi:10.1038/155577a0

Cited by 6 publications

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“…2) and it is interesting to compare this rate of sorption with that of a stored product (wheat) in which the insects are usually to be found. The rates of sorption in Calandra are linear, and Lubatti (1945) and Lubatti & Smith (1948) have suggested, in the case of plant seeds, that this is an indication that a slow chemical reaction is removing the sorbed fumigant, thus leading to the establishment of a steady state ". This situation is to be distinguished from that arising from mainly physical sorption, which can be described by a curve from which an asymptotic approach to equilibrium is apparent.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is not much information about the sorption of fumigants on insects, and still less about such sorption at reduced pressures. Lindgren & Sinclair (1944, 1945 recovered more hydrogen cyanide from resistant Citrus scale insects than from non-resistant insects. Similarly, more fumigant was recovered from the pupae of the Walnut Husk Fly, Rhagoletis completa Cress., when fumigated between 15 and 20 per cent.…”

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Responses of Pests to Fumigation.VII.—The Relation between Fumigation Techniques, Mortality, and the Amount of Hydrogen Cyanide sorbed by Calandra spp.

Bhambhani¹,

Blackith²

1958

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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The relation between fumigation techniques, mortality and sorption of fumigant was investigated by two factorial experiments in which adults of Calandra granaria (L.) and C. oryzae (L.) were exposed to hydrogen cyanide at concentrations of 12, 26 or 44 mg. per litre and pressures of 2, 27, 52 and 76 cm. mercury for 30, 60 or 90 min., or at given concentration-time products (36, 72 or 108 mg. hr. per litre), in each of which the time component was 1, 4 or 12 hr., and pressures of 2, 37 and 76 cm. mercury. The methods of fumigation and estimation of sorption and mortality were those used in earlier investigations and the results are shown in a series of graphs.For both species, sorption of hydrogen cyanide increased as the total pressure was reduced, about three times as much being sorbed, in the first experiment, at a pressure of 2 cm. as at atmospheric pressure, the increase in sorptive capacity being greater in the case of C. oryzae than in that of C. granaria. In the second experiment, sorption by both species, for a given concentration-time product, was greater at a high concentration applied for a short period (1 hr.) than at a lower concentration applied for a long period (12 hr.); in the former conditions, C. granaria consistently sorbed more fumigant than did C. oryzae, in the latter, the reverse was the case, and in intermediate conditions (4 hr. exposure), the amounts sorbed by the two species did not differ materially. This result was inconsistent with that of the first experiment, in which C. oryzae sorbed more than did C. granaria during short exposures (30.90 min.).These effects on sorptive capacity of differing conditions of fumigation could account for most of the reported departures from the rule that the biological effects of fumigation can be described by the product of the mean concentration of fumigant applied and the period of exposure. Comparison between mortality and sorption at pressures of 27–76 cm. in the first experiment showed, however, that while these were broadly associated, the increased mortality at higher concentrations was greater than would be expected from the associated increase in sorption, and this discrepancy was significantly larger for C. oryzae than for C. granaria.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of Pests to Fumigation.VII.—The Relation between Fumigation Techniques, Mortality, and the Amount of Hydrogen Cyanide sorbed by Calandra spp.

Bhambhani¹,

Blackith²

1958

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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“…When a fumigant is present in air and comes into contact with grain, fumigant is lost to the grain 1. This transfer of a gas from a gaseous mixture to accumulate on a solid is one form of adsorption,2–4 although the broader term ‘sorption’ is commonly used for the grain–fumigant–air system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A kinetic model of fumigant sorption by grain using batch experimental data

Darby

2008

Pest Management Science

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The sorption of methyl bromide by wheat

Winteringham¹,

Harrison²

1946

J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.

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with water (cn. 15 nil.) and the excess sodium nrsetiite titrnted with ntandnrd (0.02 N) iodine solution to stnrch indicntor. Blnuk deterniiuntiotis (5 ml. solvent rcplnciiig tlie solution of unenponifinl~le matter) werc cnrried out simultaneously. From tlie titre of periodic acid consumed, the prcentege glyceryl ether, 11s selncliyl nlcohol, was crrlculntetl. DETEHAIJ~'~TIOS OF THE FORJIALDEIIYU?: &xEHATED IS T I E REACTIOSTo tlie osidntion iiiixturc, nftcr stniidiirg for four hours its iibove, wntm (30 ml.) IWS ndtlcd, followeil by N hydrochloric acid (9 nil., to give cb norninlity of HCI of 0-1-0-2 N) nnd N swliuin arsrnito solution (3 xnI.).1* The solution wns swirled thoroughly. %\'lien the colour geiienrted hnd ctisuppearcd, 60 ml. of it buffer solution (iiindc by mixing 1 volunic of 1.7 N iiydrochloric acid with 2 volnnies of 1.7 N sodiuni Iicetriter2) wcrc uddcd, and the whole filtered tliroiigli n pnd of filter-nit1 with gentle suction. The flnsk rriitl ptitl were washed with n furtlicr 20 nil. of buffer solutiou, nnd then with :iliont 10 ml. of wnter from ti wash-bottle. To the clcnr filtrate (pH .I *f;) 5% :tlcoholic dinledone solution (2 nil.) \ u s addetl, : l i d thc sollit ion thoroughly sliaken, uiicl nllowed to stnnd for 18 hours. The prccipihte v;ns then filtered off, in a tared sintcred gltrss crucible, and washed with distilled water. Drying wis cnrriccl out a t 85' for 20 minutes, and the crucible then cooled in rr c\esicc:rtor and weighed. A blriiik was usunlly curried out on the rcngeiits, hut was never found positive. Thc method is not regnrded us giving results to genter ;recurucy than about 1.5%.~\'ole.--\\'here the K-glyCCryl ether content of tin 11tisnp01ii~i:rb~e fraction was low, it wns alwnys ndvnutrigeous to use 6-ml nliquots containing more thnn 50 nig. of unsnponifinble nintter. In these cirses ethyl rrcetate wns tlic more useful solrelit, owing to the grc:itcr solubility of unscrlmouifinble ninttcr in this solvent than in ethyl nlcohol. The use of diquots yrcntcr thnn 5 nil. neccssitnted iidjustments in d l oper;itioiis subsequent to the oxidation, nud iii the cnsc of ethyl neetnte in particulnr, cnuscd unneccssnry diffic~~ltic~s.The nuthors nckno\vledgc fiiinuciol clssistnncc froni tlie h'ntionnl Hesenrch Couiicil and B o d , nud from the following industrial concerns : llessrs. Coiiccntrn (Pty.) Ltd., Messrs. I n i n und Jolinso~i (S.A.) Ltd.Tho totol sorption, and rut-of sorption of tnothyl hromiclu by rholu and milled wheat, by wheat glutonin.md hy wheat starch, havo tmn

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Sorption of Fumigants

Cited by 6 publications

References 4 publications

Responses of Pests to Fumigation.VII.—The Relation between Fumigation Techniques, Mortality, and the Amount of Hydrogen Cyanide sorbed by Calandra spp.

Responses of Pests to Fumigation.VII.—The Relation between Fumigation Techniques, Mortality, and the Amount of Hydrogen Cyanide sorbed by Calandra spp.

A kinetic model of fumigant sorption by grain using batch experimental data

The sorption of methyl bromide by wheat

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