We examine the dynamics and morphology of graphitic films at an air-water interface in a Langmuir trough by varying interfacial surface coverage, by observing in situ interfacial structure, and by characterizing interfacial structure of depositions on mica substrates. In situ interfacial structure is visualized with Brewster angle microscopy and depositions of the interface are characterized with atomic force microscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Compression/expansion curves exhibit a monotonically decreasing surface pressure between consecutive compressions, but demonstrate a "rebound" of hysteretic behavior when the interface is allowed to relax between consecutive compressions. This dynamic results from a competition between consolidation of the interface via agglomeration of particles or the stacking of graphene sheets, and a thermally-driven relaxation where nanometer-thick particles are able to overcome capillary interactions. These results are especially relevant to applications where functional films with controlled conductivity and transparency may be produced via liquid-phase deposition methods. V C 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 00: 000-000, 2018 Figure 3. Different microscopy methods used to characterize interfaces at different length scales. From left to right, BAM image at 11 mN/m, AFM image at 3 mN/m, FESEM image at 13 mN/m. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] AFM images taken from an interface deposited at 3 mN/m after a 15 h relaxation time. Mono-and few-layer graphene sheets are present between large islands of graphitic material. (b) AFM image (left) that reveals few-and mono-layer graphene sheets present at the interface at a surface pressure of 20 mN/m. A corresponding height trace (right) follows the red path indicated in image on the left.Figure 5. Compression curves for graphene interfaces. The upper left plot shows pre-relaxation and post-relaxation compression curves for a 2.5 h relaxation period, and the upper right plot shows the pre-relaxation and postrelaxation compression curves for a 15 h relaxation period. Pre-relaxation curves are plotted with red dashes, post-relaxation curves are plotted with blue dots. The bottom two plots contain the same data, but the postrelaxation curves have been shifted along both axes. The shift factors were obtained "by eye" to overlap the first compressions of the pre-relaxation and post-relaxation curve sets. The inset FESEM images (scale bars: 10 μm) were obtained fromdepositions at low Π (indicated by the black boxes). The images reveal that aggregates are present at all times and are surrounded to different degrees by micron and sub-micron particles. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] Figure 7. BAM images taken during each of the three compression cycles for both the pre-relaxation and postrelaxation interfaces.White areas indicate graphitic material. All images were taken with the barriers in a fully open state and show the evolution of the interface between cons...