Sooting Propensity Estimation of Jet Aviation Fuel Surrogates and Their <i>n</i>-Alkane Components by the Virtual Smoke Point Method

Cho, Cheon Hyeon; Han, Ka Ram; Sohn, Chae Hoon; Haas, Francis M.

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c02588

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…One of the main objectives of this work is to quantify the trade-off between sooting tendency and the desirable properties of extended alkyl OMEs (e.g., higher LHV, lower water solubility). The smoke points of the OMEs are outside the measurement limits of the ASTM D1322 standard and cannot be determined directly . However, the YSI approach used in this study has a much wider dynamic range, and values could be measured for all the neat OMEs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fuel Properties of Oxymethylene Ethers with Terminating Groups from Methyl to Butyl

et al. 2022

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Oxymethylene ethers (OMEs) have been studied as possible additives or replacements for diesel fuels. Typically, studies have considered only methyl-terminated OMEs. Recent structure–property relationship models suggest that extended-alkyl OMEs may provide improvements to many of the properties of methyl-terminated OMEs that make them less suitable as diesel fuel blendstocks. In this work, we describe the synthesis and characterization of 16 different OMEs with methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, isopropyl-, and isobutyl-terminating alkyl groups with varying oxymethylene chain lengths. Indicated cetane number, lower heating value, flash point, density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and oxidative stability are tested via ASTM standard methods. Additionally, water solubility, boiling point, seal material compatibility, and sooting propensity (via the yield sooting index) are measured for these fuels. For diesel compatibility, all tested OMEs except smaller methyl and ethyl OMEs and the branched isopropyl OME meet cetane number requirements. Extending the alkyl end group increases the heating value, but all OMEs, due to their oxygen content, have heating values less than diesel. Despite this, all OMEs show significant reductions in soot production per unit heating value. Only the heaviest OMEs meet diesel viscosity requirements, and most are higher density than diesel. OMEs with larger alkyl groups show the highest stability under accelerated auto-oxidation conditions. Increases in alkyl group length cause order of magnitude reduction in water solubility, from hundreds of g/L for methyl terminated OMEs to hundreds of mg/L for butyl terminated OMEs. Limited seal material testing indicates that PEEK polymers are unaffected by OMEs, and while extended alkyl groups may improve compatibility with FKM (Viton), other common elastomers (NBR, silicone) remain incompatible with all tested OMEs. Overall, it is found that methyl-terminated OMEs exhibit the most potential for soot reduction, but OMEs with larger propyl- and butyl-terminating alkyl groups show improved compatibility with existing diesel systems.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The smoke points of the OMEs are outside the measurement limits of the ASTM D1322 standard and cannot be determined directly. 52 However, the YSI approach used in this study has a much wider dynamic range, and values could be measured for all the neat OMEs.…”

Section: ■ Nomenclature and Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuel Properties of Oxymethylene Ethers with Terminating Groups from Methyl to Butyl

et al. 2022

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“…DCN was measured according to the ASTM D6890 standard, and an ignition quality tester (IQT) was used as a device to measure the ignition delay time, ID, in msec, for DCN. It is calculated by the equation and TSI , indicates soot propensity, which is calculated by two properties such as molecular weight (g/mol) and smoke-point (mm) length. Smoke point was measured according to the ASTM D1322 standard, and from the stipulation, its highest measurable length is 50 mm.…”

Section: Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ignition Delay Time and Oxidation of a Kerosene Aviation Fuel and a Blended Jet50-Bio50 Fuel

et al. 2021

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Ignition delay and oxidation of two jet aviation fuels, Jet A-1 and its blended fuel with a bio-jet fuel in half, are investigated by experiments and numerical simulations. From their major combustion properties, derived cetane number and molecular weight of the blended fuel, Jet50-Bio50, are higher than those of Jet A-1, and its H/C ratio and threshold sooting index are lower because more n-alkanes are contained in a bio-jet fuel and aromatic compounds are not. The surrogate fuels of the two jet fuels are constructed for numerical simulations of their ignition and oxidation. Early ignition of the blended fuel measured in a shock tube experiment is investigated by comparing the speciation profiles of several products from the two fuels, and their global reactivity is measured in a laminar flow reactor. Oxidation of the blended fuel is initiated at a lower temperature than Jet A-1, and reaction pathways of the two fuels are analyzed at two temperatures of 600 and 1100 K, respectively. At a low temperature of 600 K, reaction pathways of the major surrogate components for the two fuels are significantly different, while they are almost the same at high temperatures. The active radical of OH is produced more by the oxidation of Jet50-Bio50, and its oxidation is initiated at a lower temperature than Jet A-1, leading to earlier ignition. At low temperatures, the difference between initiation times of oxidation of the two fuels is much larger than at high temperatures. At both temperatures, production rates of the major reaction steps, where OH is produced, are higher in Jet50-Bio50 than in Jet A-1.

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Measurement of combustion properties and ignition delay time of high performance alternative aviation fuels

Han

Sohn

Han

et al. 2021

Fuel

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Sooting Propensity Estimation of Jet Aviation Fuel Surrogates and Their n-Alkane Components by the Virtual Smoke Point Method

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

Fuel Properties of Oxymethylene Ethers with Terminating Groups from Methyl to Butyl

Fuel Properties of Oxymethylene Ethers with Terminating Groups from Methyl to Butyl

Ignition Delay Time and Oxidation of a Kerosene Aviation Fuel and a Blended Jet50-Bio50 Fuel

Measurement of combustion properties and ignition delay time of high performance alternative aviation fuels

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