Sooting characteristics of surrogates for jet fuels

Mensch, Amy; Santoro, Robert J.; Litzinger, Thomas A.; Lee, Seong-Young

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.02.008

Cited by 139 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…The constants a and b are apparatus-dependent and defined to result in TSI values of zero to 100 based, based upon the sooting measurements for high and low sooting tendency reference species Mensch et al used 1-methyl naphthalene (TSI = 100) and methylcyclohexane (TSI = 0) to define a and b to derive a consistent set of TSI data based upon published literature data and additional experimental measurements performed using the standard smoke lamp specified in ASTM D-1322 [110]. For the case of mixtures of species, the TSI approach of Gill and Olson [115] was also adopted by Mensch et al [116], who proposed and tested a linear mixing rule of TSI component values weighted by their mole fractions, xi:…”

Section: Sooting and Average Molecular Weight Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical kinetic and combustion characteristics of transportation fuels

Dryer

2015

Proceedings of the Combustion Institute

161

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Internal combustion engines running on liquid fuels will remain the dominant prime movers for road and air transportation for decades, probably for most of this century. The world's appetite for liquid transportation fuels derived from petroleum and other fossil resources is already immense, will grow, will at some future time become economically unsustainable, and will become infeasible only in the very long term. The ongoing process of augmenting and eventually replacing petroleum-derived fuels with liquid alternative fuels must necessarily involve approaches that result in comparatively much lower net carbon cycle emissions from the transportation sector, most likely through a combination of carbon sequestration and renewable fuel production. The successful growth and establishment of a sustainable, profitable alternative fuels industry will be best facilitated by approaches that integrate alternative products into petroleum-derived fuel streams (i.e., gasolines, diesel, and jet fuels) and consider synergistic evolution of and integration with prevailing refining and liquid fuel distribution infrastructures. The emergence of low temperature combustion strategies, particularly those implementing dual fuel methods to achieve Reaction Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI), offers the potential to significantly improve operating efficiency and reduce emissions with minimal aftertreatment. For all advanced combustion engine technologies, but especially for RCCI, a clear understanding of fuel property influences on combustion behaviors will be important to achieving projected engine performance and emissions. To achieve the benefits projected by emerging engine technologies, the properties of petroleumderived fuels themselves must be modified over time, but the effects of blending candidate alternative fuels with these conventional fuels must also be understood. Predicting the coupled physical and chemical property effects of real fuels on energy conversion system performance and emissions is a daunting problem, even for petroleum-derived real fuels, since each is composed of several hundred to thousands of individual chemical species typically belonging to one of a few organic classes (e.g., n-paraffins, isoparaffins, cyclo-paraffins, olefins, aromatics). For specific combustion applications, it is often the global combustion response to variations in the composition of fuel mixtures-inclusive of those occurring by blending petroleum-derived fuel with alternative fuel candidates-that is of interest for fuel property optimization. This paper presents an overview of tools used for evaluating and emulating combustionrelevant properties of real fuels and alternative fuel candidates. New analytical and statistical methods can provide important insights as to how the ensembles of distinct molecular structures found in a given fuel mixture contribute to the physical and chemical kinetic properties that govern its combustion in energy conversion processes. Such tools can in turn assist in screening candidate alternative f...

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Section: Sooting and Average Molecular Weight Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical kinetic and combustion characteristics of transportation fuels

Dryer

2015

Proceedings of the Combustion Institute

161

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“…as defined in the literature[104,105] with 1-methylnaphtalene and methylcyclohexane have TSIs of Eq. (6), determination of TSI of requires knowledge of the fuel molecular weight.…”

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confidence: 99%

A minimalist functional group (MFG) approach for surrogate fuel formulation

Jameel

Issayev

Touitou

et al. 2018

Combustion and Flame

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et al. (2018) A minimalist functional group (MFG) approach for surrogate fuel formulation. Combustion and Flame 192: 250-271. Available: http://dx. AbstractSurrogate fuel formulation has drawn significant interest due to its relevance towards understanding combustion properties of complex fuel mixtures. In this work, we present a novel approach for surrogate fuel formulation by matching target fuel functional groups, while minimizing the number of surrogate species. Five key functional groups; paraffinic CH3, paraffinic CH2, paraffinic CH, naphthenic CH-CH2 and aromatic C-CH groups in addition to structural information provided by the Branching Index (BI) were chosen as matching targets. Surrogates were developed for six FACE (Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines) gasoline target fuels, namely FACE A, C, F, G, I and J. The five functional groups present in the fuels were qualitatively and quantitatively identified using high resolution 1 H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A further constraint was imposed in limiting the number of surrogate components to a maximum of two. This simplifies the process of surrogate formulation, facilitates surrogate testing, and significantly reduces the size and time involved in developing chemical kinetic models by reducing the number of thermochemical and kinetic parameters requiring estimation.Fewer species also reduces the computational expenses involved in simulating combustion in practical devices. The proposed surrogate formulation methodology is denoted as the Minimalist Functional Group (MFG) approach. The MFG surrogates were experimentally tested against their target fuels using Ignition Delay Times (IDT) measured in an Ignition Quality Tester (IQT), as specified by the standard ASTM D6890 methodology, and in a Rapid Compression Machine [Type text] 2 (RCM). Threshold Sooting Index (TSI) and Smoke Point (SP) measurements were also performed to determine the sooting propensities of the surrogates and target fuels. The results showed that MFG surrogates were able to reproduce the aforementioned combustion properties of the target FACE gasolines across a wide range of conditions. The present MFG approach supports existing literature demonstrating that key functional groups are responsible for the occurrence of complex combustion properties. The functional group approach offers a method of understanding the combustion properties of complex mixtures in a manner which is independent, yet complementary, to detailed chemical kinetic models. The MFG approach may be readily extended to formulate surrogates for other complex fuels.

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“…TSI values are also estimated based on molar ratio according to the previous study. 47,52 The results for blends are summarized in Table 2 …”

Section: Jet Fuels and Combustion Property Targets (Cpt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Global Combustion Properties with Simple Fuel Property Measurements for Alternative Jet Fuels

Won¹,

Veloo²,

Santner³

et al. 2014

50th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference

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Global combustion characteristics of one conventional jet fuel (JP-8) and four nonpetroleum alternative jet fuels (Shell Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK), Sasol IsoParaffinic Kerosene (IPK), Hydrotreated Renewable Jet (HRJ Camelina and HRJ Tallow)) are experimentally examined. The ranking of the fully pre-vaporized global combustion characteristics of these five fuels has been hypothesized a priori based on the relative values for four fuel combustion property targets used in the formulation of surrogate jet fuel mixtures in recent studies by the authors. In order to validate a priori speculation, the pure chemical kinetic reactivities of these fuels have been compared by performing oxidation reactivity experiments in a high pressure flow reactor and fundamental flame measurements. The oxidation reactivity profile for Sasol IPK demonstrates no low temperature oxidative characteristic of the occurrence of active alkyl peroxy radical oxidation mechanisms, whereas the remaining jet fuels demonstrate extensive reactivity between 550 and 750 K. Despite sharing similar derived cetane numbers, Shell SPK shows the more pronounced low temperature reactivity compared to the other alternative jet fuels. Two fundamental flame measurements at near-limit condition, both extinction limits of diffusion flames and critical flame initiation radii of outwardly propagating premixed flames, were used to investigate differences chemical kinetic/transport coupled high temperature combustion behaviors. Strained extinction measurements identify the pronounced high reactivity of Shell SPK, whereas critical radius measurements exhibit the distinctive low reactivity of Sasol IPK. Additional analyses along with available literature measurements indicate that the proposed four fuel combustion property targets can be used to predict the relative pre-vaporized global combustion properties of the tested petroleumderived and alternative jet fuels. Finally, further detailed understanding and improvements on DCN and TSI determination methodologies, particularly for alternative jet fuels, are addressed as a prerequisite condition to better parameterizing the combustion property targets, thus improving the quantitative predictability of a provisional combustion property target (CPT) Index. The CPT index appears useful in screening the relative global combustion properties of real petroleum derived fuels, non-petroleum alternative fuels, and their mixtures.

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Sooting characteristics of surrogates for jet fuels

Cited by 139 publications

References 15 publications

Chemical kinetic and combustion characteristics of transportation fuels

Chemical kinetic and combustion characteristics of transportation fuels

A minimalist functional group (MFG) approach for surrogate fuel formulation

Characterization of Global Combustion Properties with Simple Fuel Property Measurements for Alternative Jet Fuels

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