Soot particle measurements in diffusion flames

Santoro, Robert J.; Semerjian, Hratch G.; Dobbins, Richard A.

doi:10.1016/0010-2180(83)90099-8

Cited by 594 publications

(291 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…24. The diffusion flames are established over an axis-symmetric coflow burner identical to the one described by Santoro et al [26] and used in previous investigations 6 [24,27,28]. In the following, the axis of symmetry is (Oz) and its origin is located at the burner tip, defining the height above the burner (HAB).…”

Section: Experimental Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sooting propensities of some gasoline surrogate fuels: Combined effects of fuel blending and air vitiation

Kashif

Bonnety

Matynia

et al. 2015

Combustion and Flame

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The sooting propensities of binary mixtures of n-heptane and toluene on one hand, and isooctane and toluene on the other hand are evaluated in haust gas recirculation (EGR). The evolution of the sooting propensity as a function of both toluene mole fraction in the binary mixtures and CO 2 content of the air stream can then be revealed. The sooting tendencies of both kinds of blends decrease in a very linear way with increasing CO 2 content of the air stream. On the opposite, the sooting tendencies of isooctane/toluene blends follow a strongly non-linear relationship with the toluene mole fraction due to synergistic effects while YSIs of n-heptane/toluene blends show very linear trends. Interestingly, these trends match those observed on other configurations of diffusion flames, further strengthening the consistency of the YSI methodology. The combined effects of fuel blending and CO 2 dilution are also exhibited. All these trends can be of great importance for further investigations as toluene and isooctane mole fractions found in commercially available gasoline and gasoline surrogate fuels are prone to affect soot formation through a strong synergistic effect as identified in current study.

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Section: Experimental Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sooting propensities of some gasoline surrogate fuels: Combined effects of fuel blending and air vitiation

Kashif

Bonnety

Matynia

et al. 2015

Combustion and Flame

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“…Ethylene diffusion flames have been very well characterised and it is known that typical soot particle densities within particlerich zones in such flames are of the order of 10 11 cm −3 and that their diameters range from 10−200 nm (Santoro et al 1983). They represent therefore a very inexpensive system for the production and study of nano-particles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The structure of soot particles can be compared with that of carbonacious grains found in the interstellar medium (Mathis & Whiffen 1988;Dwek 1997;Vaidya et al 2001). Soot particles, sampled from hydrocarbon flames, have been subjected to a wide range of chemical and physical analytical techniques including Rayleigh scattering and visible light depolarisation measurements (Santoro et al 1983) to determine particle density, size and gross structure, and scanning (Saito et al 1991) and transmission (Vander Wal 1997;Ishiguro 1997) electron microscopy for fine details of the structure. Laser microprobe mass spectrometry (Dobbins et al 1996), laser desorption mass spectrometry (Majidi et al 1999) and real time mass Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticle destruction by X-ray absorption

Mitchell

Rebrion-Rowe

LeGarrec

et al. 2002

A&A

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“…It was assumed that the extinction coefficient is equivalent to the absorption coefficient of the soot (k abs ) [26] which can be related to the soot volume fraction (f v ) using the soot absorption function, E(m) as follows.…”

Section: Experimental Set-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple photoacoustic method for the in situ study of soot distribution in flames

et al. 2015

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of soot formation during combustion is a key step in developing soot reduction strategies [3,4].Optical measurement techniques are ideally suited for combustion environments because they generally cause negligible perturbation to the combustion process. One of the most widely used optical techniques for the study of particulate matter in flames is laser-induced incandescence (LII). Typical LII experimental schemes use a high-power pulsed laser source (such as a solid-state Nd:YAG laser) [5] to heat the soot particles. The resulting thermal emission is then detected, usually over a narrow range of wavelengths selected using either a system of optical filters [6] or a monochromator [7]. The peak signal level provides a measure of the relative soot volume fraction. The absolute soot volume fraction is found either by calibration based on optical extinction measurements [8,9] or by a two-colour approach in which a second filtered detector collects light from the same measurement volume, and the ratio of signals is used to determine the peak particle temperature [10,11]. A feature of this type of experimental set-up is that a high-power pulsed laser source and relatively fast photodetectors or intensified cameras are required.Photoacoustic (PA) detection has been used to make highly sensitive laser absorption measurements in a number of applications, such as IR spectroscopy [12]. The principle of photoacoustic detection of particles is that absorption of the incident laser energy leads to an increase in the temperature of the particle. Heat is transferred from the particles to the surrounding gas, resulting in the expansion of the gas [13]. A change in laser intensity leads to a change in the rate of heat transfer, and an acoustic pressure wave can therefore be established by modulating the intensity of the laser [14]. The pressure wave can be detected using a microphone, and its amplitude measured using a lock-in amplifier. This method of detection has a further advantage Abstract This paper presents a simple photoacoustic technique capable of quantifying soot volume fraction across a range of flame conditions. The output of a highpower (30 W) 808-nm cw-diode laser was modulated in order to generate an acoustic pressure wave via laser heating of soot within the flame. The generated pressure wave was detected using a micro-electro-mechanical microphone mounted close to a porous-plug flat-flame burner. Measurements were taken using the photoacoustic technique in flames of three different equivalence ratios and were compared to laser-induced incandescence. The results presented here show good agreement between the two techniques and show the potential of the photoacoustic method as a way to measure soot volume fraction profiles in this type of flame. We discuss the potential to implement this technique with much lower laser power than was used in the experiments presented here.

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Soot particle measurements in diffusion flames

Cited by 594 publications

References 17 publications

Sooting propensities of some gasoline surrogate fuels: Combined effects of fuel blending and air vitiation

Sooting propensities of some gasoline surrogate fuels: Combined effects of fuel blending and air vitiation

Nanoparticle destruction by X-ray absorption

A simple photoacoustic method for the in situ study of soot distribution in flames

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