Sonophotocatalytic treatment of diazinon using visible light‐driven Ce:Cu‐1,4‐BDOAH₂ photocatalyst in a batch‐mode process: Response surface methodology and optimization

Abstract

Cu-1,4-benzenedioxyacetic acid (Cu-1,4-BDOAH 2 ) with a narrow band gap (2.52 eV) was synthesized and doped with Ce to afford Ce:Cu-1,4-BDOAH 2 as an efficient photocatalyst with narrower band gap (2.39 eV). The prepared Cu-1,4-BDOAH 2 and Ce:Cu-1,4-BDOAH 2 were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, energy-dispersive X-ray, diffuse reflectance spectroscopies, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The sonophotocatalytic degradation of diazinon was carried out in a batch-mode reactor using visible light-driven Ce:Cu-1,4-BDOAH 2 photocatalyst as well as ultrasonic irradiation.The narrow band gap of the photocatalyst means that it can be activated under visible light illumination. The effects of operational parameters such as initial diazinon concentration (5-25 mg l −1 ), pH (2-10), photocatalyst dosage (10-30 mg) and irradiation time (10-30 min) on the sonophotocatalytic degradation efficiency were investigated using central composite design under response surface methodology. The optimization process was studied using desirability function and the results indicated 99.8% degradation, which was obtained at optimum values of 25 mg l −1 , 6, 20 mg and 20 min for the initial concentration of diazinon, pH, photocatalyst dosage and irradiation time, respectively. Reusability experiments of Ce:Cu-1,4-BDOAH 2 photocatalyst showed that it is quite stable with excellent catalytic activity even after five cycles.

Ni–Ti Layered Double Hydroxide@Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheet: A Novel Nanocomposite with High and Ultrafast Sonophotocatalytic Performance for Degradation of Antibiotics

“…Therefore, coupling of ultrasonication and photocatalysis (sonophotocatalysis) seems to promote the rate of pollutant degradation by improving OH production. Table compares the performance of the devised sonophotocatalytic process with the efficiency of some other sonophotocatalytic processes that have been employed to degrade various organic pollutants. − As Table presents, the g-C 3 N 4 -20@Ni–Ti LDH NC might have the potential of acting as an efficient catalyst for degradation of other pollutants. Therefore, it is suggested its sonophotocatalytic activity is evaluated in the degradation of more organic compounds.…”

Rapid ultrasound‐assisted microextraction of atorvastatin in the sample of blood plasma by nickel metal organic modified with alumina nanoparticles

“…In the first step, 1,4-benzenedioxyacetic acid (1,4-BDOAH 2 ) as an organic linker for Ni 2+ was synthesized by the interaction of chloroacetic acid and hydroquinone in the presence of NaOH. The mixture was filtered after neutralization by concentrated HCl, and the white precipitates were recrystallized [43]. The results of 1 HNMR and 13 C NMR of 1,4-BDOAH 2 are shown in Supporting information Figs.…”

“…For this purpose, metal oxide nanoparticles are suggested. So, using our recently developed method for the photocatalytic activity of Cu-1,4-BDOAH 2 (1,4benzenedioxyacetic acid) [43], its Ni analogue composited with aluminum oxide nanoparticles, namely Ni-MOM-Al 2 O 3 -NPs, was utilized as a novel sorbent for the enrichment of AT in plasma sample under sonication conditions. Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) is extensively applied as sorbent support owing to its large surface area, high chemical and thermal stability, micro-and mesoporous structure, high pore volume, and low cost, and it has also particular catalytic, electronic, optical, and sorption characteristics [44][45][46].…”

Sonophotocatalysis with Photoactive Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment and Bacteria Disinfection

“…Providing large numbers of hot vapor sites in solution (microbubbles), ultrasonication expels hydrophobic pollutants to the liquid−vapor boundaries where they will be degraded effectively by either produced shock waves or radicals on-site, whereas hydrophilic contaminants can be removed by photocatalysis in liquid. 14 Therefore, both hydrophobic and hydrophilic contaminants can be effectively degraded in water, which is clearly advantageous over the traditional photocatalysis. Moreover, ultrasonication offers several additional benefits, like simple and safe operation and the formation of a large number of hydroxyl radicals (OH • ) through different mechanisms.…”

“…These specific physical and chemical events generated during the cavitation process are often different from those taking place in traditional photochemical reactions. Providing large numbers of hot vapor sites in solution (microbubbles), ultrasonication expels hydrophobic pollutants to the liquid–vapor boundaries where they will be degraded effectively by either produced shock waves or radicals on-site, whereas hydrophilic contaminants can be removed by photocatalysis in liquid . Therefore, both hydrophobic and hydrophilic contaminants can be effectively degraded in water, which is clearly advantageous over the traditional photocatalysis.…”