Sonoluminescence

Walton, Alan J.; Reynolds, George T.

doi:10.1080/00018738400101711

Cited by 278 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Though the light emission from conventional cavitation clouds [now called multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL); see Kuttruff, 1962;Walton and Reynolds, 1984;Brennen, 1995] is also visible as diffuse glowing, in that case no individual, stable bubbles can be identified. The excitement about singlebubble sonoluminescence was driven in large part by a set of experiments by Seth Putterman's group at UCLA from 1991 to 1997, which exposed further peculiarities, making single-bubble sonoluminescence seem very different from MBSL (the experiments of the UCLA group are reviewed by Barber et al, 1997 and.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-bubble sonoluminescence

2002

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Single-bubble sonoluminescence occurs when an acoustically trapped and periodically driven gas bubble collapses so strongly that the energy focusing at collapse leads to light emission. Detailed experiments have demonstrated the unique properties of this system: the spectrum of the emitted light tends to peak in the ultraviolet and depends strongly on the type of gas dissolved in the liquid; small amounts of trace noble gases or other impurities can dramatically change the amount of light emission, which is also affected by small changes in other operating parameters (mainly forcing pressure, dissolved gas concentration, and liquid temperature). This article reviews experimental and theoretical efforts to understand this phenomenon. The currently available information favors a description of sonoluminescence caused by adiabatic heating of the bubble at collapse, leading to partial ionization of the gas inside the bubble and to thermal emission such as bremsstrahlung. After a brief historical review, the authors survey the major areas of research: Section II describes the classical theory of bubble dynamics, as developed by Rayleigh, Plesset, Prosperetti, and others, while Sec. III describes research on the gas dynamics inside the bubble. Shock waves inside the bubble do not seem to play a prominent role in the process. Section IV discusses the hydrodynamic and chemical stability of the bubble. Stable single-bubble sonoluminescence requires that the bubble be shape stable and diffusively stable, and, together with an energy focusing condition, this fixes the parameter space where light emission occurs. Section V describes experiments and models addressing the origin of the light emission. The final section presents an overview of what is known, and outlines some directions for future research. CONTENTS

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confidence: 99%

Single-bubble sonoluminescence

2002

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“…Sonoluminescence (SL) is the phenomenon in which light is emitted when a liquid is cavitated in some manner [Walton and Reynolds, 1984]. In laboratory studies the cavitation is usually excited by ultrasonic sources of 20 kHz to the MHz range, and the light results from the implosion of bubbles of radius less than 100 txm.…”

Section: F4 $Onolurninescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Sources of light in the deep ocean

Reynolds

Lutz²

2001

Reviews of Geophysics

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Abstract. Studies during recent decades have shown that the deep ocean (depths below where solar luminance plays a direct environmental role) is far from a dark, cold, lifeless region. Evidence obtained by utilizing a variety of photo-optical devices, providing spatial, temporal, and spectral information, has demonstrated that this portion of the Earth is a region rich in life and light. Findings to date have provided challenges for geologists, physicists, biologists, chemists, and oceanographers, and the sharing of techniques and expertise among these disciplines has demonstrated the rewards to be gained from interdisciplinary research. Bioluminescence has been found far below the depths at which it has received most attention historically. The study of this phenomenon is complicated by the fact that the measuring apparatus itself causes a stimulation of the luminescence so that a true background will be difficult to determine.Nuclear physics has played a role in that the electron resulting from the decay of an isotope of potassium (K 4ø) provides an ubiquitous background of light through a process known as Cerenkov radiation. The possibility of light generated by cosmic rays must also be taken into account. An intriguing source of light at the very bottom of the sea is found at hydrothermal vents. Here are found not only light but also abundant life. At the vent orifice, temperatures are found to be as high as 250ø-400øC. A large component of the light is due to thermal radiation. However, the light in the wavelengths 450-600 nm is significantly greater than the thermal flux at those wavelengths. Identifying the physical mechanisms that may account for this excess is important in providing insight into the processes occurring in the vents and plumes and in the accompanying ecosystem. INTRODUCTIONThe ocean covers over 70% of the Earth's surface.The average overall depth of the ocean is approximately 3900 m, and over 75% of the ocean is at a depth between 3000 and 6000 m. The volume of the ocean is more than 10 times the volume of land above sea level [Herring, 1971]. Sunlight is absorbed exponentially and is restricted to relatively very shallow depths, depending greatly on local conditions. It is sometimes stated that at depths below the limit of the continental shell (200 m) the ocean is "dark," and some authors take depths beyond 200 m to be "deep ocean." It is more reasonable to put 1000 rn as the beginning of the deep ocean (the limit of the mesopelagic zone), where only a few animals It has also been known for many years that low-level ambient light in the deep ocean is due to the passage of ionizing cosmic ray particles and ions from the decay of naturally occurring radioactive elements, primarily the isotope of potassium, 4øK.The relatively recent discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and that there is light at and near the orifice of many of them, has been an important development of interest to geologists, physicists, biologists, chemists, oceanographers, and Earth resource scientists. Each of the...

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“…Cavitation is the generation of cavities (or bubbles) in a liquid due to variations in pressure -caused by water impinging on water [Anbar, 1968], the movement of a propeller [e.g., Walton and Reynolds, 1984], acoustic cavitation [e.g., Sehgal et aI., 1979;Crum and Reynolds, 1985], or flow through a venturi tube [e.g., Weninger et aI., 1999], to name a few mechanisms. However, not all of these forms of cavitation lead to light emission.…”

Section: Sonoluminescencementioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation into the characteristics and sources of light emission at deep-sea hydrothermal vents

White¹

2000

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Sonoluminescence

Cited by 278 publications

References 55 publications

Single-bubble sonoluminescence

Single-bubble sonoluminescence

Sources of light in the deep ocean

An investigation into the characteristics and sources of light emission at deep-sea hydrothermal vents

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