Sonographic Evaluation of Various Causes of Female Infertility: A Literature Review

Kanwal, Hafiza Iqra; Shahid, Munaza; Bacha, Raham

doi:10.1177/87564793211052023

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common disease with over-representation in infertile women. PCOS contributes to up to 56% of infertility cases [ 7 , 8 ]. The diagnosis criteria for this syndrome are based on the Rotterdam Criteria which were approved in 2003 requiring two out of three criteria to be present: absent or infrequent ovulation, clinically and/or biochemically confirmed hyperandrogenism, and an ultrasound image of polycystic ovaries (the presence of at least 12 follicles with a diameter of 2–9 mm and/or ovarian volume of >10 mL) [ 1 ].…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Pcosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological and Metabolic Causes of Infertility in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Kicińska

Maksym

Zabielska-Kaczorowska

et al. 2023

Biomedicines

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Infertility has been recognized as a civilizational disease. One of the most common causes of infertility is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Closely interrelated immunometabolic mechanisms underlie the development of this complex syndrome and lead to infertility. The direct cause of infertility in PCOS is ovulation and implantation disorders caused by low-grade inflammation of ovarian tissue and endometrium which, in turn, result from immune and metabolic system disorders. The systemic immune response, in particular the inflammatory response, in conjunction with metabolic disorders, insulin resistance (IR), hyperadrenalism, insufficient secretion of progesterone, and oxidative stress lead not only to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, autoimmunity, and lipid metabolism disorders but also to infertility. Depending on the genetic and environmental conditions as well as certain cultural factors, some diseases may occur immediately, while others may become apparent years after an infertility diagnosis. Each of them alone can be a significant factor contributing to the development of PCOS and infertility. Further research will allow clinical management protocols to be established for PCOS patients experiencing infertility so that a targeted therapy approach can be applied to the factor underlying and driving the “vicious circle” alongside symptomatic treatment and ovulation stimulation. Hence, therapy of fertility for PCOS should be conducted by interdisciplinary teams of specialists as an in-depth understanding of the molecular relationships and clinical implications between the immunological and metabolic factors that trigger reproductive system disorders is necessary to restore the physiology and homeostasis of the body and, thus, fertility, among PCOS patients.

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Section: Epidemiology Of Pcosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological and Metabolic Causes of Infertility in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Kicińska

Maksym

Zabielska-Kaczorowska

et al. 2023

Biomedicines

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“…Ultrasound, both transabdominal (TAU) and transvaginal (TVUS), is commonly used for this purpose. The formula for an ellipsoid (0.52 times the length, height, and width of the ovary in centimeters) is applied to estimate ovarian volume, which has shown a good correlation with volumetric (3-D) ultrasonography (6)(7)(8). The follicles at different stages of growth constitute a significant part of the ovarian volume.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study aims to evaluate the role of ovarian volume in distinguishing between fertile and infertile women in Swabi, utilizing ultrasound measurements. By examining ovarian dimensions and their correlation with fertility status, this research seeks to contribute to the understanding of reproductive health in this population and potentially improve clinical practices in regions with similar healthcare constraints (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Ovarian Volume in Fertile and Infertile Women by Sonography at Swabi

Ain,

Khalood Zahir,

Khan

et al. 2024

JHRR

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Background: The measurement of ovarian volume via sonography is an important parameter in assessing ovarian aging and defining fertility potential in women. In the Swabi region, where advanced medical facilities are limited, measuring ovarian volume could be particularly useful for diagnosing fertility issues. This cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between ovarian size and female fertility among women in Swabi. Objective: To evaluate the role of ovarian volume in distinguishing between fertile and infertile women in the Swabi district using ultrasound. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Radiology, Mahaban Medical and Research Hospital, Swabi, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 101 participants were recruited from community health clinics using convenience sampling. Data on demographic characteristics, medical history, and menstrual cycle regularity were collected via standardized questionnaires. Ovarian dimensions were measured by trained personnel using transvaginal sonography (TVUS), which provided accurate and reproducible results. Descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and percentages, were calculated for variables such as age, ovarian measurements, and fertility status. Cross-tabulation was used to classify participants based on fertility status and menstrual cycle regularity. Correlation tables were generated to examine the interrelationship between fertility status and cycle regularity. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Software for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25.0). Results: The average age of participants was 28.52 years (SD = 5.08). The mean ovarian volumes for the right and left ovaries were 6.66 cm³ (SD = 3.28) and 7.46 cm³ (SD = 4.26), respectively. Among the participants, 62 were fertile, and 39 were infertile. Fertile participants had slightly higher mean ovarian measurements (right ovary: 6.90 cm³, left ovary: 7.19 cm³) compared to infertile participants (right ovary: 6.29 cm³, left ovary: 7.89 cm³). The regularity of menstrual cycles did not significantly differ between fertile and infertile women, with 31 fertile participants having regular cycles and 31 having irregular cycles. Conclusion: The study found that fertile women had slightly higher ovarian volumes compared to infertile women. However, menstrual cycle regularity did not differ significantly between the two groups. These findings suggest that while ovarian volume may be a useful indicator of fertility, menstrual cycle regularity alone is not a reliable predictor of fertility status in this cohort.

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“…PCOS is one of the most frequently mentioned causes of infertility accounting for up to 56% of cases [4,5] and it is affecting more and more women worldwide. According to the latest reports, about 8-13% and even from 4% to 26% of women of reproductive age worldwide are affected by it [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful Implementation of Menstrual Cycle Biomarkers in the Treatment of Infertility in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome—Case Report

et al. 2023

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility. Absent, impaired, or rare ovulation induces progesterone deficiency in the luteal phase, which is a critical problem in PCOS. A usual pattern of progesterone administration from a fixed and arbitrary pre-determined day of a menstrual cycle may preserve infertility but can easily be avoided. We present the case of a 29-year-old infertile woman who had been ineffectively treated for over two years. We introduced a line of therapy that was suited to her individual menstrual cycle by implementing biomarker recording. Supplementation based on a standardized observation of the basal body temperature (BBT) and cervical mucus stopped the vicious circle of absent ovulation and hyperandrogenism, restoring regular bleeding, ovulation cycles, and fertility. The implementation of a reliable fertility awareness method (FAM), accompanied by a standardized teaching methodology and periodic review of the observations recorded by the patient, validated through an ultrasound examination and plasma gonadotropins, estrogens, and progesterone concentrations, is key to achieving therapeutic success. The presented case is an example of a clinical vignette for many patients who have successfully managed to improve their fertility and pregnancy outcomes by applying the principles of a personalized treatment approach together with gestagens by recording their fertility biomarkers.

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Sonographic Evaluation of Various Causes of Female Infertility: A Literature Review

Cited by 4 publications

References 31 publications

Immunological and Metabolic Causes of Infertility in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Immunological and Metabolic Causes of Infertility in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Role of Ovarian Volume in Fertile and Infertile Women by Sonography at Swabi

Successful Implementation of Menstrual Cycle Biomarkers in the Treatment of Infertility in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome—Case Report

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