Sonographic Evaluation of Fetal Adrenal Gland in Gestational Diabetes

Abstract

An enlargement of the fetal adrenal gland may be observed in gestational diabetes, not only related to birth weight, but also to distinctive features of diabetic pregnancies, such as fat tissue fetal deposits or maternal biochemical markers.

Association of Proteins Modulating Immune Response and Insulin Clearance during Gestation with Antenatal Complications in Patients with Gestational or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…Although the HbA1c is widely used and assessed by the WHO indicator, it is usually measured in the combination of insulin C-peptide and glucose levels [17]. Therefore, its predictive and diagnostic value as a sole indicator on the surface seems unlikely.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) traits for assessment and precise monitoring of fetal growth is some kind specific compare to ultrasound examination, but unfortunately, this diagnostic strategy did not demonstrate more sensitive results to predict macrosomia [18].The primary place for DF diagnosis is occupied by ultrasound examination during pregnancy [12,19]. However, the signs of DF cannot be reliably detected in the first trimester, despite recommendations to conduct such studies between 10-14 weeks of gestational age [19].…”

“…Therefore, its predictive and diagnostic value as a sole indicator on the surface seems unlikely.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) traits for assessment and precise monitoring of fetal growth is some kind specific compare to ultrasound examination, but unfortunately, this diagnostic strategy did not demonstrate more sensitive results to predict macrosomia [18].The primary place for DF diagnosis is occupied by ultrasound examination during pregnancy [12,19]. However, the signs of DF cannot be reliably detected in the first trimester, despite recommendations to conduct such studies between 10-14 weeks of gestational age [19]. The DF can be asymptomatic even after ultrasound examination and biochemical tests up to 30 weeks of gestation, whereas from the 31st week there may be a surge in the size of fetus, accompanied by glycemic indicators at the lower limits [8,11,12,19].…”

“…However, the signs of DF cannot be reliably detected in the first trimester, despite recommendations to conduct such studies between 10-14 weeks of gestational age [19]. The DF can be asymptomatic even after ultrasound examination and biochemical tests up to 30 weeks of gestation, whereas from the 31st week there may be a surge in the size of fetus, accompanied by glycemic indicators at the lower limits [8,11,12,19]. Over the second and third trimesters, it is possible to recognize the fetal development syndrome as a consequence of the progressing hyperinsulinemia.…”

“…Over the second and third trimesters, it is possible to recognize the fetal development syndrome as a consequence of the progressing hyperinsulinemia. In this case, the main Cells 2020, 9, 1032 3 of 22 indicators are expressed in the increased size of the fetus by nearly 2 weeks ahead of the actual period, polyhydramnios and disproportion in the size [12,19]. Thus, none of the existing methods provide sufficient and reliable signs of emerging DF during pregnancy.The affected newborns are morphologically and functionally immature and do require a staged treatment.…”

“…The primary place for DF diagnosis is occupied by ultrasound examination during pregnancy [12,19]. However, the signs of DF cannot be reliably detected in the first trimester, despite recommendations to conduct such studies between 10-14 weeks of gestational age [19].…”