Sonoelectrochemistry: Ultrasound-assisted Organic Electrosynthesis

Abstract

The application of ultrasound with electrochemistry in organic chemistry (known as organic sonoelectrochemistry) accelerates the activation process of chemical reactions. This hybrid technology enhances electrical efficiency and modifies and increases the product yield. Moreover, it facilitates the mass transfer phenomena and the processes of cleaning, degassing, and activation of the electrode surfaces; maintains higher current densities for efficient chemical transformations; and also works efficiently for mixing of reactants in multiphase systems. The ultrasound technology has a prominent effect in heterogeneous reaction systems especially during the solid (electrode)–liquid (electrolytic mixture) interfacial cavitation process. The ultrasound technology gains attention due to its fundamental and positive effect in organic chemistry to make possible the challenging electrosynthetic processes. Herein, we report the sonoelectrosynthetic methods that will help researchers to understand and apply this methodology for scale-up of processes in organic synthesis and also in more modern innovative continuous-flow organic electrochemistry. Therefore, this study will provide valuable insight into the effects caused by ultrasound-assisted electrosynthesis and how this technology revolutionizes organic synthesis. It is believed that the hybrid sonoelectrochemical synthesis serves as a solution to the limitations of the commercialization of synthetic processes and offers a new, modern aspect in organic synthesis in a clean, hassle-free, and sustainable approach.

Paired Electrosynthesis at Interdigitated Microband Electrodes: Exploring Diffusion and Reaction Zones in the Absence of a Supporting Electrolyte

“… 3 In particular, in the biorefinery and biofuel contexts, paired redox transformations could be valuable. 4 New methodologies have been proposed based on microfluidic reactors, 5 the use of driven fuel cell reactors, 6 multiphase reactors, 7 ultrasound 8 or microwave/radio frequency-activated 9 processes, and paired electrosynthesis, 10 which takes into account the coupled nature of electrochemical processes linking oxidation and reduction into a single (more complex) paired electrode process.…”

Highly Conductive Melanin-like Polymer Composites for Nonenzymatic Glucose Biosensors with a Wide Detection Range

“…For the electrochemical synthesis, the formation of bubbles at the electrode is undesirable due to their masking effect on deposition processes because of the reduction of the active area and blockage of the electrical charge pathway. , However, their presence is essential for the specific outcome as in sonoelectrochemistry, which efficiently increases the rate and the yield of many reactions with the help of acoustic cavitation. , Recently, Cavalieri et al demonstrated that the surface of the ultrasound-induced cavitation bubbles acts as catalytic binding sites for tyrosine-bearing biomolecules and, thus, promotes the tyrosine–tyrosine coupling reactions with the simultaneous presence of the hydroxyl radicals. Again, the role of ultrasound-induced cavitation bubbles in the formation of supramolecular structures was demonstrated by Bhangu et al Hydroxylation and dimerization of the surface absorbed tryptophan molecules were triggered with the bubble collapse and the generated hydroxyl radicals, followed by their collection and organization at the liquid–air interface for self-assembly.…”

Iodine-mediated electrocatalysis assist Annulation/cyclization via Intramolecular Benzylic C–H Amination: Batch vs Flow Electrochemistry

“…[1][2][3][4] Further its merging with other enabling technologies has increased its applications in organic synthesis. [5][6][7][8][9] Now, many of challenging chemical transformations and new bonds formation are possible under ambient and environmentally benign conditions. 10,11 Due to the great importance, the study of new C-N bonds for the synthesis of pyrrolidines and other heterocyclic structures has been explored for many decades, in addition, the development of a new methodology to obtain highly selective reactions is one of the most important areas in synthetic organic chemistry.…”